Hypnale hypnale

Hypnale hypnale is a venomous pit viper species endemic to India and Sri Lanka.[1] Common names include the hump-nosed viper,[2] Merrem's hump-nosed viper[3] and others listed below at § Common names.

Hypnale hypnale
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Hypnale
Species:
H. hypnale
Binomial name
Hypnale hypnale
(Merrem, 1820)
Synonyms[1]
  • [Cophias] Hypnale
    Merrem, 1820
  • Trigonoc[ephalus]. hypnale
    — Schlegel, 1837
  • Trimeresurus ? Ceylonensis
    Gray, 1842
  • Trigonocephalus Zara
    Gray, 1849
  • Trigonocephalus hypnalis
    — Blyth In Kelaart, 1852
  • Hypnale affinis
    Anderson, 1871
  • Trimaculatus (?) Ceylonensis
    — Higgins, 1873
  • Ancistrodon hypnale
    — Boulenger, 1890
  • Ancistrodon millardi
    Wall, 1908
  • [Agkistrodon] hypnale
    — Pope, 1935
  • [Agkistrodon] millardi
    — Pope, 1935
  • Agcistrodon hypnale
    — Deraniyagala, 1949
  • Hypnale hypnale
    — Gloyd, 1977

No subspecies are currently recognized.[4]

Description
H. hypnale, in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India.

H. hypnale grows to an average of 30–45 cm (11¾-17¾ inches) in total length (including tail).[2] The Armed Forces Pest Management Board states 0.4-0.6 m (15¾-23⅝ inches) in total length.[3]

Its build is that of a typical viperid with a stout body and a wide head. The snout is pointed and turned upwards,[2] ending in a hump.[3] The frontal, supraoculars, and parietal shields are large, but those on the snout are small and irregular.[2]

The color pattern is grayish with heavy brown mottling, overlaid with a double row of large dark spots. The belly is brownish or yellowish with dark mottling. The tip of the tail is yellow or reddish.[2]

Common names

Common names include: hump-nosed viper,[2] Merrem's hump-nosed viper,[3] hump-nosed pit viper,[5] Oriental hump-nosed viper,[6] hump-nosed pitviper,[7] polon thelissa-පොලොන් තෙලිස්සා & kunakatuwa-කුණක‍ටුවා (Sinhala),[8] churutta /മുഴമൂക്കൻ കുഴി മണ്ഡലി (Malayalam).

Geographic range
At Kanjirappally, Kerala.

Hypnale hypnale is found in peninsular India to the Western Ghats as far north as 16° N, and in Sri Lanka, according to M.A. Smith (1943). The type locality given is "Castle Rock, Karnataka, India."

Habitat

Hypnale hypnale is found in dense jungle and coffee plantations in hilly areas.[2]

Behavior
At Kandalama, note the flattening body when threatened
Hump-nosed pit viper camouflaged in leaf litter, Kali Tiger Reserve, Karnataka, India.

Hypnale hypnale is active during early morning and night. It spends the day in leaf litter and thick bushes. This species can be found on the stream side basking during the sunrise. Although it is a slow mover, it is capable of fast strikes. It has an irritable disposition and will vibrate its tail when annoyed,[2][9] a behavior it has in common with other pit vipers, especially rattlesnakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus. It has been described as nocturnal, terrestrial, and aggressive when disturbed.[3] It is the snake to cause the highest number of recorded snake bites in Sri Lanka.[10]

Venom

Bites from H. hypnale, although previously thought to be innocuous, are now known to cause serious complications such as coagulopathy and acute renal failure (ARF). If not treated within a few hours, bites can potentially be fatal for human beings.[11] While not initially included in the list of highly venomous snakes in Sri Lanka, it is now considered highly venomous, and one of the medically important venomous snakes in Sri Lanka and on the south western coast of India.[10]

As of November 2016, an antivenom is currently being developed by the Costa Rican Clodomiro Picado Institute, and clinical trial phase in Sri Lanka.[12]

Reproduction

Adult females of H. hypnale bear live young from March through July. Brood size ranges from 4 to 17, and the newborns are 13-14.5 cm (5⅛-5¾ inches) long.[9]

References
  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. United States Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: United States Government/Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  3. Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center (2001). Regional Disease Vector Ecology Profile for South Central Asia. 219 pp. PDF Archived 2006-08-30 at the Wayback Machine at Armed Forces Pest Management Board. Accessed 17 November 2006.
  4. "Hypnale hypnale". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  5. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
  6. Parker HW, Grandison AGC (1977). Snakes — a Natural History. Second Edition. London and Ithaca: British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625. ISBN 0-8014-1095-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-8014-9164-9 (paper).
  7. Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pitvipers. First Edition. Berlin: Geitje Books. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.
  8. Checklists of the Snakes of Sri Lanka Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine at the Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society. Accessed 12 February 2008.
  9. Das, Indraneil (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. ISBN 0-88359-056-5. (Hypnale hypnale, p. 62).
  10. Tan CH, Sim SM, Gnanathasan CA, Fung SY, Ponnudurai G, Pailoor J, Tan NH (2011). "Enzymatic and toxinological activities of Hypnale hypnale (hump-nosed pit viper) venom and its fractionation by ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 17 (4): 473–485. doi:10.1590/S1678-91992011000400015. ISSN 1678-9199.
  11. Kularatna SA, Ratnatunga N (1999). "Severe systemic effects of Merrem's hump-nosed viper bite". Ceylon Med. J. 44 (4): 169-170.
  12. Rodrigo M (2016). Trials to start for home-grown anti-venom. Available at: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/161009/news/trials-to-start-for-home-grown-anti-venom-211742.html

Further reading
  • Boulenger GA (1890). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Ancistrodon hypnale, pp. 424–425).
  • Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Ancistrodon hypnale, pp. 528–529).
  • Merrem B (1820). Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien: Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. Marburg: J.C. Krieger. xv + 191 pp. + 1 plate. (Cophias hypnale, new species, p. 155). (in German and Latin).
  • Smith MA (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor & Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. + 1 map. (Ancistrodon hypnale, pp. 499–500).
  • Wall F (1921). Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon. Colombo, Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Colombo Museum. (H.R. Cottle, Government Printer). xxii + 581 pp. (Ancistrodon hypnale, pp. 549–554, Figure 96; A. millardi, pp. 554–558, Figure 97).
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