IBM 1443

The IBM 1443 Printer (sometimes referred to as the 1443 Flying Type Bar Printer[1]) is an obsolete computer line printer used in the punched card era. It was offered in three models: Models 1, 2 and N1; the last two could print up to 240 lines per minute (LPM) with a full character set.[2][3][4]

For the printer used on the 1401, 1130 and 360 systems, see IBM 1403.
IBM 1443 exposed in the IBM 1460 presentation stand

The 1443 was initially introduced October 11, 1962 for use with the IBM 1440 system and withdrawn February 8, 1971.[5] It was announced in 1963 for the 1620 system. The printer could also be used on the IBM 1620[2] (announced 1963[6]), IBM 1710,[2] IBM 1800[7] and System/360.[3]

Decades later IBM recycled the 1443 model number to refer to a different product.[8]

Technology

Beginning in 1920, IBM developed a series of printers

  • IBM 405 - introduced in 1934 - top speed was 80 lines per minute.
  • IBM 402 - introduced after World War II - printed as many as 100 lines per minute.

These IBM printers, as did others of the early punched card era, use "type bars," originally developed for their line of accounting machines.[9] (The model 1403 introduced new technology.)

Type bars are vertical bars, one for each print position in a line. Each bar is one character wide with the printer's entire character set: either alphabetic characters, including numerals and symbols, or just numerals and symbols, molded into the front surface in a single column. In printing, each bar is raised up until the correct character for that print position was opposite the paper, whereupon the bar is pushed toward the paper, so that the correct numeral or letter pressed against the ribbon, striking the paper much the way type slugs leave an impression on paper in a standard typewriter. This action is relatively slow, as it takes time for each bar to be brought up into the correct position and then drop back down in preparation to print the next line.

Back side of IBM 1443 printer

1443 printing capabilities

The IBM 1443 Printer was introduced as part of the IBM 1440 system.[10] The 1443 Model 1 prints alphanumeric, upper-case only, output at a basic rate of 150 lines per minute, and it can print up to 430 lines a minute with a restricted character set, depending upon the type bars used. The Model 2's and Model N1's corresponding speeds are 240 and 600 LPM.[3]

The typebars[10] are easily interchangeable, with options for character sets containing 13, 39, 52,[11] or 63 characters.

The print speeds vary according to the model and the character set.[2][3][12]

Character set size Model 1 Model 2 Model N1
13 430 600 600
39 190 300 300
52 150 240 240
63 120 - 200

The 1443 printer uses 120 or 144 print hammers and hammer magnets,[13] conceptually similar to the IBM 1132 printer's one-per-column print magnets.

Output is formatted at 10 characters per inch, with a choice of six or eight lines per inch,[2]: p.1  with additional options for single, double or triple-spacing.[2]: p.3 

The 1443 uses fan-folded paper with perforated edges for tractor feeding. A carriage control tape specifies form length and the form line where printing was to begin so that paper of various sizes could be used. A carriage control tape simplifies use of pre-printed forms and the programming needed to allow proper alignment.[2]: p.3 

Successor technology

Type bars were replaced by type wheels or a drum in later printers, most notably:

The 1132 was the last printer manufactured by IBM to use the 407's technology. In 1959 this technology was superseded with the introduction of the IBM 1403 chain printer;[16] both the 1132 and 1403 were available with the 1130.

See also

Photos

References
  1. "1443 Flying Type Bar Printer".
  2. "IBM 1443 PRINTER for 1620/1710 Systems" (PDF). IBM Systems Reference Library.
  3. IBM System/360 System Summary (PDF) (0 ed.). IBM. 1964. p. 31. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  4. IBM System/360 System Summary (PDF) (12 ed.). IBM. 1974. p. 7-1. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  5. IBM Corporation. "1440 Data Processing System". IBM Archives. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  6. "DPD chronology". IBM Archives. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  7. IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System: System Summary (PDF). IBM Systems Reference Library (1st ed.). IBM Corporation. p. 10. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  8. "Printer Ribbon IBM 1443 Texas Instruments Omni 800 RP-594".
  9. The IBM 402 Series of Accounting Machines, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/402.html
  10. "1440 Data Processing System".
  11. "A-Z upper case, 10 digits 0-9, and 16 special characters: "Executive Guide to the IBM 1440 Data Processing System" (PDF). 1962.
  12. IBM 1440 System Component Description... (PDF). IBM Systems Reference Library (0th ed.). IBM Corporation. 1962. p. 18. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  13. depending on whether the printer has the standard 120 columns or the optional 144-columns
  14. "IBM 407 accounting machine".
  15. "IBM 1130 Functional Characteristics" (PDF).
  16. "How the IBM 1403 printer hammered out 1100 lines per minute".
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