IBM optical mark and character readers

IBM Poughkeepsie studied machine character recognition from 1950 till 1954, developing an experimental machine that used a cathode-ray-tube attached an IBM 701 which performed the character analysis. They pursued a technique known as lakes and bays which examined different areas of dark and light where the lakes were white areas enclosed by black and the bays were partially enclosed areas. Their machine and mission was moved to IBM Endicott in 1954, where research continued. From 1955 to 1956 they then worked on the VIDOR (Visual Document Reader) program, but they could not get agreement on acceptable reject rate. The developers felt 80% recognition was acceptable (meaning 20% of documents would need to be manually processed), while product planners and IBM Marketing felt that compared to punched card reject rates, the reject rate was unacceptably high. This led to no new products being released.[2]

In 1956 the American Bankers Association chose to use Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) to automate check handling, rejecting a proposed solution generated by an IBM Poughkeepsie banking project that used optical characters formed by vertical bars and digits. IBM developed a magnetic read head to handle the new standard, releasing the IBM 1210 MICR reader/sorter in 1959. The development work for this product both with read heads and document handling, helped move optical character recognition forward, with development focusing on reading one or two lines of print from a paper document larger than an IBM punched card.[2] The first product to be released was the IBM 1418.

The IBM 1230, IBM 1231, and IBM 1232 were optical mark readers used to input the contents of data sources such as questionnaires, test results, surveys as well as historical data that could be easily entered as marks on sheets. Educational institutes used them to score test results and they were effectively a replacement for the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine that used electrical resistance and a mark sense pencil to score a test, rather than optical mark detection. They were developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester.[1]

They have the following features:

• A pneumatic input hopper that can hold approximately 600 sheets
• Two output stackers: the normal stacker that holds 600 sheets and the select (or reject) stacker which holds 50 sheets.
• Pluggable SMS printed circuit cards
• They can read positional marks made by a lead pencil using an optical read head that consists of photovoltaic(solar) cells and lamps
  • The 1230 has 21 photovoltaic cells, 20 for reading the pencil marks and one to read timing marks on the right hand border of the sheet.[3]
  • The 1231 and 1232 have 22 photovoltaic cells, 20 to read data, one to read timing marks and one to read a special feature called a master mark.
• Input size is a 8+1⁄2 in × 11 in (22 cm × 28 cm) sheet called a data sheet that can have up to 1000 marked or printed positions per side.
• Uses electromechanical devices known as sonic delay lines to store results.

Mark sense card

The IBM 2956 Models 2 and 3 are custom build optical mark/hole readers designed to be attached to an IBM 2740 Communications Terminal.[11]

• The IBM 2956-2 can read cards that have either been hand or machine marked or that have been punched. The cards can be fed by hand or from the 400 card hopper. It has a 400 card stacker.[11] The 2956-2 could be ordered by request for price quotation (RPQ) 843086.[12]
• The IBM 2956-3 can read cards that have either been hand or machine marked or that have been punched. It can also read marked sheets up to 9 in × 14 in (230 mm × 360 mm) in size, although only a 3+1⁄4 in (83 mm) band along the side of the sheet can be read (the width of a punched card). It does not have a hopper or a stacker, so each card or sheet must be manually fed into the machine.[11] The 2956-3 could be ordered by request for price quotation (RPQ) 843106.[12] The 2956-3 could be attached to an IBM 3276 or IBM 3278 display station with RPQ UB9001.[13]

One use case for the IBM 2956 is to grade school tests. On completion of a learning module a student can use an optical scan-type card to record answers to up to 27 questions, with up to 5 choices per question.[14] They are scanned by the reader and the results are then transmitted to an IBM System/360 in remote job entry mode and can also be printed on the IBM 2740.[14] The reader can also be attached to an IBM 3735 which transmits results to an IBM System/370 and which prints results on an IBM 3286 printer.[15] They can also be attached to an IBM System/3.[16]

Note that the IBM 2956 Model 5 (2956-5) was a banking reader/sorter.

The IBM 1282 is an offline optical reader that is used to read embossed credit card receipts, a mark read field or machine printed characters in three different fonts.[17] It then outputs this data onto a punched card. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott.[18] It proved popular and within two years of announcement 100 machines were installed or on order.[2]

The IBM 1285 is an online optical reader that is used to read printed paper tapes from cash registers or adding machines. It was developed by IBM Endicott and manufactured by IBM Rochester.[1] The IBM 1285 attaches to an IBM 1401, 1440, 1460 or System/360. It has a small round screen to display characters being read and it has a keyboard to enter header information and to optionally enter character corrections for rejected characters. It can read a 200 ft (61 m) roll or paper tape in three-and-a half minutes, reading data at speeds of up to 3000 lines per minute. It can mark the tape with a dot to indicate unreadable characters, so they can be rekeyed later. It users System/360 SLT circuitry and scans with an electronic beam of light called a "flying spot".[21]

The IBM 1287 is an online reader that can optically scan cut form documents to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host, reading machine printed data as well as handprinted numbers and optical marks (based on installed model and features). IBM claim it is the first commercial scanner that can read hand written numbers written in pencil.[22] It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester and first shipped in January 1968.[1]

An engineering model was famously demonstrated at the IBM Pavilion of the 1964-1965 World Fair in New York.[23] IBM representatives at the stand invited visitors to write a date on a card (as far back as September 18, 1851) which was then scanned by the machine and a headline from The New York Times newspaper for the matching date was then printed on a souvenir card. The attached IBM 1460 had nearly 40,000 headlines in storage. This promotional exercise also gave IBM handwriting samples to test with.[24]

It has the following features:[25]

• An input hopper that holds an 11 in (28 cm) stack of documents.
• Three output stackers that can each hold a 4 in (10 cm) stack of documents.
• Documents to be scanned can range from 2+1⁄4 in × 3 in (5.7 cm × 7.6 cm) to 5.91 in × 9 in (15.0 cm × 22.9 cm) in size.
• Based on document size, throughput ranges from 665 documents per minute for a 3 in (7.6 cm) document with one field of 20 machine printed characters to less than 100 documents per minute for a 6 in (15 cm) document with 50 fields of handprinted characters.[4]
• Has a CRT to display unrecognised characters (after 10 attempted scans) and a keyboard for the operator to enter a correction.
• A serial number feature to print a number from 00000 to 99999 on each document.

Each model has different default recognition capabilities, but additional capabilities can be added as part of the machine order. For instance numeric handwriting recognition can be plant installed on Models 1-4 by ordering a feature code.[25]

• Model 1: Reads numeric printed data from cut sheet paper or cards.
• Model 2: Reads numeric printed data from cut sheet paper or cards or a 200 ft (61 m) continuous roll of paper (such as a journal tape).
• Model 3: Same as Model 1 but also can read OCR A front.
• Model 4: Same as Model 2 but also can read OCR A front.
• Model 5: Reads numeric handprinted digits and certain alphabetic characters. Feature code 2987 added a "Multifont Preprocessor".

The IBM 1288 is an online reader that can optically scan cut sheet pages to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host, reading the OCR-A font, handprinted numbers (with an optional feature) and/or optical marks (with an optional feature). It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester and first shipped in July 1969.[1] The use of the word "Page" in the product name reflects the ability of the IBM 1288 to scan full size pages, nearly twice as large as the IBM 1287.[27]

It has the following features:[28]

• An input hopper that can hold a 10 in (250 mm) stack of documents.
• Two output stackers that can each hold either a 4.5 in (110 mm) stack of short documents or a 3 in (76 mm) stack of long documents. One output stacker is reserved for documents with unrecognisable characters.
• Documents to be scanned can range from 3 in × 6.5 in (76 mm × 165 mm) to 9 in × 14 in (230 mm × 360 mm) in size.
• A serial number feature to print a number from 00000 to 99999 on each document.
• IBM did not publish a maximum throughput value, stating it would vary based on a variety of factors such as document size and the number and type of fields to be read.

It is composed of three frames:[26]

The first optical reader released by IBM was the IBM 1418 which could read numbers and vertical bars and which used the same transport as the IBM 1419 cheque sorter. The IBM 1428 was physically very similar to the IBM 1418 (except it did not have a CRT mounted on top), but it was able to read both letters as well as numbers.

IBM 1418 Optical Character Reader

IBM 1418 (on the left hand side)

The IBM 1418 is able to read a standard numerical font used by the IBM 407 in one of two sizes.[2][5] It can also read vertical markings made with a pencil. IBM claimed it is suitable for cash-accounting applications where small payment stubs need to be processed.[30] It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott.[18]

It has the following features:

• It uses a device IBM call a "mechanical image dissector" that reads the characters in multiple vertical bands, that are then combined and tested.
• Is cable connected to either an IBM 1401 or IBM 1410.
• Reading speed is 480 characters per second, up to 400 documents per minute.[31]
• The IBM 1418 features a CRT on the top of the unit that adds 7+3⁄8 in (19 cm) to the height of the machine.[32]
• The Model 3 is similar to a Model 1 but can handle broader paper size ranges.

IBM 1418

Machine Type Model	Documents per minute	Pockets	Announced	Withdrawn	Length	Width	Height	Weight	Heat output/hr
1418-1	400	3	September 16, 1960[19]	September 8, 1970	112 in (280 cm)	41+1⁄4 in (105 cm)	60+1⁄4 in (153 cm)	2,650 lb (1,200 kg)	8,300 BTU (2,100 kcal)
1418-2	400	13	September 16, 1960[19]	September 8, 1970	112 in (280 cm)	41+1⁄4 in (105 cm)	60+1⁄4 in (153 cm)	2,700 lb (1,200 kg)	8,300 BTU (2,100 kcal)
1418-3	400	3	February 11, 1963[19]	September 8, 1970	112 in (280 cm)	41+1⁄4 in (105 cm)	60+1⁄4 in (153 cm)	2,650 lb (1,200 kg)	8,300 BTU (2,100 kcal)

In October 1961 the US Social Security Administration (SSA) requested proposals for OCR equipment to help them reduce the 57 million lines of information they had to manually enter by keyboard each quarter. IBM responded to the SSA in February 1962 using the work of an IBM engineer called Evon Greanias who had developed a curve-follower method that used a CRT flying-spot scanner which not dependent on fixed fonts and in fact had the potential to be used to read handwriting. IBM was requested to provide a more detailed response in May 1963, by which time IBM Research and IBM Rochester (who were now responsible for the project) had developed detailed statistical decision techniques. The one-of-a-kind IBM 1975 was delivered to the SSA in late 1965.[2]

It was used to read a form known as a #941 that contains on average 22 lines per page (to a maximum of 44 lines). It was able to read at a 52 to 55% acceptance rate. It was taken out of service in 1977.[29]

Released in 1972 and withdrawn in 1984, the IBM 3881 and IBM 3886 are the last family of optical readers released by IBM.

On October 26, 1970, the U.S. Postal Service awarded IBM a US$6.7 million contract to develop the Advanced Optical Character Reader Postal Service. Development was carried out by both IBM Rochester and the IBM Federal Systems Division in IBM Gaithersburg. The goal was to sort 1 million letters in a 24-hour operating period.[41]

In June 1972 the Postal Program group shipped its Advanced Optical Character Reader (AOCR) to the New York City General Post Office in Manhattan. It can scan and sort 24 machine-addressed envelopes per second.[37]

IBM was one of three vendors to deliver a machine in the program. The total cost of the program was US$28.9 million and none of the machines were considered suitable for full-scale production. The IBM contract had a cost over-run of over US$6million dollars.[42]

IBM released several OCR reader/sorter products mainly for the European finance industry. These are detailed in the IBM document processors article, including the following:

• IBM 1270
• IBM 1275
• IBM 3890 Models C and D
• IBM 3890 XP1 with OCR feature

IBM also released an inscriber that could optically read handwritten amounts to avoid the need to proof a check:

• IBM 3895

• IBM 1287 Brochure
• IBM at the Worlds Fair