Central Pashto

Central Pashto (Pashto: منځنۍ پښتو) (manźanəi pax̌to) are the middle dialects of Mangal Dzadrāṇi, Banusi and Waziri.[2][3] They have been affected by what Ibrahim Khan terms as "the Great Karlāṇ Vowel Shift".[4]

Central Pashto
Native toAfghanistan, Pakistan
EthnicityPashtuns (Pax̌tūn)
Native speakers
6.5 million (2013)[1]
Arabic (Pashto alphabet)
Official status
Regulated byAcademy of Sciences of Afghanistan
Language codes
ISO 639-3pst
Glottologcent1973

Here is a comparison of Middle Dialects with South Eastern:

Central Dialects ښ ږ څ ځ ژ
Waziri ʃ ʒ t͡s d͡z ʒ
Dzadrāṇi[5] ç ʝ t͡s d͡z ʒ
Banusi[6] ʃ ʒ t͡s, s d͡z, z ʒ

Northern

Zadrani

Daniel Septfonds provides the following example:[7]

Sentence Notes
Dzadrāṇi دا يې تو په اورشو کې ميږ پروتۀ يي

dā ye to pə oršó ke miʝ protə́ yi

  • The preposition يې

is used instead of the د /də/

[د+تا=ستا]

  • The first person plural يو changes to يي
  • The "ā" can change into "o" as in تا and پراتۀ
Kandahar دا ستا په ورشو کې موږ پراتۀ يو

dā sta pə waršó ke muẓ̌ prātə́ yu

Meaning On this meadow of yours, we are lying/located.

Vowel Shift

In Źadrāṇi, a vowel shift like Waziri has been noted:[8]

Kandahar Meaning Zadrani N.Wazirwola
هوښيار

/huʂ.ˈjɑr/

huṣ̌yā́r

Intelligent ox̌yór

/oç.ˈjor/

ošyór

/ɔʃ.ˈjɔr/

پياله

/pjɑ.ˈla/

pyālá

Cup pyolá, pyelá

/pjo.ˈla/, /pjo.ˈla/

pyolá

/pjɔ.ˈla/

Apridi

Afridi/Apridi is also categorised as a Northern Phonology.[9]

Vowel Shift

There is presence of the additional vowels close-mid central rounded vowel /ɵ/ and open back rounded vowel /ɒː / in Apridi. The following vowel shift has been noted by Josef Elfenbein:[10]

  • The [a] in Pashto can become [ɑ] and also [e] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPA Apridi IPA Meaning
/las/ /lɑs/ ten
/ɣag/ /ɣɑg/ sound
/ʃpag/ /ʃpeg/ six
/wraz/ /wrez/ day
  • The [ɑ] in Pashto can become [ɒː] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPA Apridi IPA Meaning
/ˈban.d̪e/ /ˈbɒːn.d̪e/ upon
  • The [o] in Pashto can becomes [ɵ] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPA Apridi IPA Meaning
/mor/ /mɵr/ mother
  • The [u] in Pashto can becomes [i] in Apridi:
Northeastern General IPA Apridi IPA Meaning
/u.ˈd̪ə/ /wi.ˈd̪ə/ asleep

Lexical Comparison

Naseem Khan Naseem provides the following list:[11]

Apridi Yusapzai Meaning
کالۀ

kālə́

کور

kor

house
خور[12]xɵr خور

xor

sister
مړييې[13]maṛíye ډوډۍ

ḍoḍə́i

food
پلور[12]plɒr پلار

plār

father

Sample Text

The following difference can be noticed in pronunciation:

Literary Pashto Apridi Pashto Yusapzai Pashto Meaning
پورته شو بېل کښېناستۀ pɵ́rta šo byel kenɒstó pórta šo byal kenāstó he went ahead, sat separately.
pórta šo bel kx̌enāstə́

Kurama

The following is an example from Central Kurram agency; where a change in /ɑ/ to /ɔ/ can be seen:

Literary Pashto Kurram Pashto Meaning
هغه ددې نه ډېر بهتر و. خو چې اوس ړنګ شو خدای نه راغله. بس اوس موږ دې کښې ډېر خوشحاله يو áğa da de na ḍer bextár u. xo če os ṛang šo xodai na rɔ́ ğla . bas os mug de ke ḍer xošɔ́la yu That was much better than this. But now that it is destroyed it came from God. Now we are very happy in this; that's all.
háğa da de na ḍer behtár wə. xo če os ṛang šo xwdāi na rā́ ğla. bas os mug de kx̌e ḍer xošā́la yu.

Southern

Vowel Shift

In Waziri Pashto there is also a vowel shift

In Waziri dialect the [ɑ] in most other dialects of Pashto becomes [ɔː] in Northern Waziri and [ɒː] in Southern Waziri.[14]

Meaning Standard Pashto N.Wazirwola S. Wazirwola
ماسته yougurt /mɑs.t̪əˈ/ /mɔːs.ˈt̪ə/ /mɒːs.ˈt̪ə/
پاڼه leaf /pɑˈ.ɳa/ /ˈpɔː.ɳjɛː/ /ˈpɒː.ɳjɛː/

In Waziri dialect the stressed [o] in most other dialects of Pashto becomes [œː] and [ɛː]. The [o] in general Pashto may also become [jɛ] or [wɛː]. [14]

Meaning Standard Pashto Wazirwola
لور sickle /lor/ /lœːr/
وړه flour /o.ɽəˈ/ /ɛː.ˈɽə/
اوږه shoulder /o.ɡaˈ/ /jɛ.ˈʒa/
اوس now /os/ /wɛːs/

In Waziri dialect the stressed [u] in general Pashto becomes []. [15]

Meaning Standard Pashto Wazirwola
موږ we /muɡ/ /miːʒ/
نوم name /num/ /niːm/

When [u] in begins a word in general Pashto can become [wiː], [jiː] or [w[ɛ]]

Meaning Standard Pashto Wazirwola
اوم raw /um/ /jiːm/
اوږه garlic /ˈu.ɡa/ /ˈwiː.ʒa/
اوده asleep /u.ˈd̪ə/ /wɜ.ˈd̪ə/

Diphthongs in Waziri

A change is noticed:[16]

Standard Pronunciation Waziri
ˈaɪ
ˈəɪ ˈaɪ
oːi

œːi

oˈjə
aw
ɑi
ɑw

Vowel Lengthening

The Khattak dialect, as deduced by Yusuf Khan Jazab in contrast to non-Karāṇi dialects differentiates lexemes in term of vowel lengthening.[17]

Example: between /e/ and /eː/ - transcribed as "e" and "ē" respectively to indicated the distinction.

Khattak Standard Pashto Meaning
de dē xabə́re də de xabə́re Of this talk
IPA /d̪e d̪eː xa.ˈbə.re/ /d̪ə d̪e xa.ˈbə.re/

Vocabulary

The following words which are rare in Kandhari and Yusapzai Pashto, were noted by Yousaf Khan Jazab in the Khattak dialect:[18]

Khattak Meaning Variety of Khattak Dialect
Transliteration Grammar
اول awā́l noun Saturday General
باګه bā́ga noun knee band Teri
بلابس balābás adjective resourceful General
بنجوڼې banjóṇe noun small pieces of the stems of the gram

plants

زبوله zabóle
بانګړه bā́ngṛa noun dance of men in a circle; attan
برېزار barezā́r noun brunch time
چوشې čóše noun thick threads for fastening sacs
دوړنه doṛə́na noun mushrooms
دوړنګه doṛə́nga
درنګ drang noun mine, deposit of minerals
اېتبور etbór noun Sunday
ګېني gení noun a game played by girls
ګيلې gíle
ګوبين gobín noun honey
ګډګډی guḍguḍáy noun a game played with one leg
سخی sxay
ګوډيسمسه guḍisamsá noun a type of a bird
ګوګره gugə́ṛa noun cuckoo bird
ګوتمۍ gutmə́i noun shopping-bag
خولۍ رېځ xulə́i rez noun Saturday
څلورم salorám noun Monday Teri
پينځم pinzám noun Tuesday General
وودينه wodiná noun Thursday
مېلې رېځ melé rez noun Wednesday Teri
غولېل ğulél noun slingshot
غومبکه ğumbə́ka noun a dish made from grains,

cooked during a rainy day(s) with grains given by different households

General
غورکی ğurkáy noun hole
غورمۀ سترګه ğurmə́ stə́rga noun sun
سترګه stə́rga
ايکونه ikóna noun a large pot for storing grains
کېړۍ keṛə́i noun sandals
کوړيکت koṛikə́t noun kabaddi game
کوړکۍ koṛakə́i noun springle
کتريکی kutrikáy
کړاغه kṛāğá noun female crow
کاغه kā́ğa
کاړغۀ kāṛğə́ noun male crow Teri
کونۍ kunə́i noun a game in which four players take part General
کرکمنه kurkamə́na noun slingshot
لېبۍ lebə́i noun a collective dance of women in a circle
لګاډه lgā́ḍa noun channel
لوګ lug adjective worthless
لوستل lwastə́l verb to scatter
منګور mangór noun snack
مسلۍ masalə́i noun story
موی مرغۀ móy mə́rğa noun peacocok
نخۍ nəxə́i noun decorated cloth for the saddle of a cammel
نيالي nyālí noun a mattress type of blanket
نولي nolí
پڼسی paṇsáy noun thread
سبينه sabiná noun morning Teri
سبېيي sabeyí noun morning General
سلارغوشيې salārğóšye noun pitchfork
ستر stər adjective huge
شندل šandə́l verb to spend
شنل šanə́l verb to shake
شڼول šaṇawə́l
ششته šuštá adjective clear and well organised
شين ټاغې šin ṭā́ğe noun a blue bird
شينشوتتک šinšotaták
شينتوتی šintotáy
شورول šorawə́l verb to keep
ويړول wiṛawə́l verb to spread
وويا wóyā noun egg
وراته wrā́ta noun wife
خوسول xusawə́l verb to move
خوړ xwəṛ noun channel
يږه yə́ža noun female bear
زېړي کوچ zeṛi kúc noun a type of bird

Nasalisation

In the Bannu dialect the nasalisation of vowels has been noted , as mentioned by Yousuf Khan Jazab:[19]

Baniswola Kandahar English
Nasalised First Person Verbal Suffix: ں [~]
تلں

tlə̃

or

tləń

تلم

tləm

I was going
Compare with Third Person Masc. Sing. Verbal Suffix ۀ [ə]
تلۀ

tlə

تلۀ

tlə

He was going

Stress

As with other dialects stress on a particular syllable can also change the meaning of a word or aspect of the verb.[20]

Baniswola
Lexical

Change

Final Stress Meaning Initial Stress Meaning
غووړي ğwoṛí oil غووړي ğwóṛi he/she/they wants
مستې mas yogurt مستې máste luscious
مزديره məzdi maid مزديره mə́zdira daily-wage
Final Stress [Imperfective] Meaning Non-Final Stress

[Perfective]

Meaning
Verbal Aspect

Change

کښېنں kšenə̃́ I am sitting کښېنں énə̃ I sit [now]
پرېوتلں prewatələ̃́ I was falling پرېوتلں préwatələ̃ I fell

References

  1. Central Pashto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. "Glottolog 4.3 - Central Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  3. David, Anne Boyle (2014). Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 37–40. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
  4. Khan, Ibrahim (2021-09-07). "Tarīno and Karlāṇi dialects". Pashto. 50 (661). ISSN 0555-8158.
  5. Septfonds (1994).
  6. Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 79–146.
  7. Septfonds (1994), p. 269.
  8. Miller, Corey (2014-05-12). "The Waziri Chain Shift". Journal of Persianate Studies. 7 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341267. ISSN 1874-7167.
  9. Kaye (1997), p. 740.
  10. Kaye (1997), pp. 750–751.
  11. خان نسيم, نسيم (2019). د پښتو د دوو غټو لهجو پېښورۍ او قندهارۍ لساني جائزه. p. 174.
  12. Kaye (1997), p. 751.
  13. Kaye (1997), pp. 752–753.
  14. Kaye (1997), p. 748.
  15. Kaye (1997), p. 749.
  16. Kaye (1997), pp. 751–753.
  17. Jazab, p. 62.
  18. Jazab, p. 339.
  19. Jazab, p. 63.
  20. Jazab, pp. 65–66.

Bibliography

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