Umbugarla language
Umbugarla or Mbukarla is a possible Australian language isolate once spoken by three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, in 1981, and is now extinct.
Umbugarla | |
---|---|
Mbukarla | |
Region | Northern Territory |
Extinct | ca. 2000; with the death of Butcher Knight |
Darwin
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | umr |
Glottolog | umbu1235 |
AIATSIS[1] | N43 |
ELP | Umbugarla |
![]() historic distribution of Umbugarla |
Phonology
Consonants
Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
Stop | b | ɡ | ɟ | d | ɖ |
Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | ||
Rhotic | ɽ | ||||
Approximant | w | j | ɹ |
- /ɡ/ can be heard as either stops [k] or [ʔ] when in word-final or word-medial position, and as a fricative [ɣ] when in intervocalic position.
- /ɽ/ can also be heard as an alveolar tap [ɾ] when in intervocalic position.
Classification
Umbugarla was once considered a language isolate (together with Ngurmbur as a dialect), but Mark Harvey has made a case for it being part of a family of Darwin Region languages.[3]
References
- N43 Umbugarla at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- Davies, Jennifer (1989). Umbugarla: A Sketch Grammar. University of Melbourne.
- Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
External links
![](../I/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png.webp)
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Umbugarla word list
- Umbugarla Swadesh List at the Internet Archive
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