North Kosovo

North Kosovo (Serbian: Северно Косово, romanized: Severno Kosovo, Albanian: Kosova Veriore), also known as the Ibar Kolašin[1] (Serbian: Ибарски Колашин, romanized: Ibarski Kolašin, Albanian: Koloshini i Ibrit or Kollashini i Ibrit; earlier Old Kolašin,[2] Serbian: Стари Колашин, romanized: Stari Kolašin, Albanian: Koloshini i Vjetër or Kollashini i Vjetër), is a region in the northern part of Kosovo, generally understood as a group of four municipalities with ethnic Kosovo Serbs majority: North Mitrovica, Leposavić, Zvečan and Zubin Potok.[3]

North Kosovo
Ibar Kolašin
  • Северно Косово / Severno Kosovo
    Ибарски Колашин / Ibarski Kolašin (Serbian)
  • Kosova Veriore
    Koloshini i Ibrit (Albanian)
Geographical region1
North Kosovo
North Kosovo is marked in orange
Coordinates: 43°29′N 21°27′E
CountryKosovo
Largest cityNorth Mitrovica
Area
 • Total1,007 km2 (389 sq mi)
Population
 • Estimate 
(2018)
48,500
 • Density48/km2 (120/sq mi)
^ "North Kosovo" is not an official subdivision of the Republic of Kosovo. Ibarski Kolašin is a geographical region.

Prior to the 2013 Brussels Agreement, the region functioned independently from the institutions in Kosovo, as they refused to acknowledge and recognize the independence of Kosovo, declared in 2008.[4][5] The Government of Kosovo opposed any kind of parallel government for Serbs in this region.[6] However, the parallel structures were all abolished by the Brussels Agreement, signed between the governments of Kosovo and Serbia. Both governments agreed upon creating a Community of Serb Municipalities. The association was expected to be officially formed in 2016. According to the agreement, its assembly will have no legislative authority and the judicial authorities will be integrated and operate within the Kosovo legal framework. Political wrangling over Kosovo's status between its government and Serbia has resulted in Kosovan authorities not allowing the formation of the Community. However differences remain and North Kosovo remains under de facto Serbian rule.

History

2008–2013: Assembly of the Serb municipalities

Following Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008, Serbs put together the Assembly of the Community of Municipalities, elected on 11 May and called by the Government of Serbia.[7] The assembly was composed by 45 representatives.[8] The North Kosovo Serbs had taken a consistently hard line, refusing to cooperate with the government in Pristina or to take up their seats in the Assembly of Kosovo. Their stance was encouraged by the Serbian government of Vojislav Koštunica and they remained in control of this area with their own structures.

Srpska Lista (Serbian List) leader Oliver Ivanović and other Kosovo Serb leaders had expressed increasing frustration at Belgrade's approach and have voiced their support for a more moderate stance, speaking openly of rejoining the Assembly of Kosovo and taking part in its government. This line has proved highly controversial, as many Kosovo Serbs reject any compromise; in February 2004, Ivanović's car was destroyed by a bomb explosion outside his home in Mitrovica.[9][10] The Serbian government, the Serbian List, the Government of Kosovo and the United Nations all officially oppose the separation of North Kosovo. However, many Serbs in the region were adamantly opposed to living under the rule of an Albanian-majority provincial government and rejected an independent Kosovo. Ivanović has spoken out against partition, pointing out that more than 60,000 (50%) of the Serb population of Kosovo lives south of the Ibar, and that all of the important cultural and economic assets of the Kosovo Serbs are in the south of Kosovo.[11]

Serbian barricades in Zvečan, following the 2011 border clashes

In 2011, former President of Kosovo Behgjet Pacolli crossed into the Northern part of Mitrovica. It marked the first time that a high ranking Republic of Kosovo official visited Northern Kosovo. Such a symbolic gesture was accompanied by a heavy security presence.[12]

2013–today: Brussels Agreement
Main articles: 2021 North Kosovo crisis and 2022 North Kosovo crisis

In early 2013, the Prime Minister of Serbia Ivica Dačić encouraged all Serbs to participate in Kosovo elections. The vast majority of Serbs turned out in large numbers to participate in elections held by the Kosovo government with symbols of the Republic of Kosovo Central Elections Commission on the ballot.

With the signatory of the Brussels Agreement, Serbia officially dropped its support for the assembly and the parallel structures in Northern Kosovo. Both governments, of Kosovo and Serbia agreed upon creating the Community of Serb Municipalities. According to the agreement, its assembly will have no legislative authority and the judicial authorities will be integrated and operate within the Kosovo legal framework.[13] There will be one police force in Kosovo called the Kosovo Police. All police in northern Kosovo shall be integrated into the Kosovo Police framework. Salaries will solely be paid by the KP. The Appellate Court in Pristina will establish a panel composed of a majority of Kosovo Serbs judges to deal with all Kosovo Serb majority municipalities.[14][15]

Partition of Kosovo proposed by some Serbian politicians[16]

As the final stage of dialogue between Serbia and Kosovo is approaching, various officials from Serbia have stated that the partition of Kosovo, with Serbia getting North Kosovo, is the best solution. President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić said on 9 August that he is for the division of Kosovo.[17] The same could be heard from Minister of Foreign Affairs Ivica Dačić[18] and Defense Minister Aleksandar Vulin.[19] Some Albanian politicians stated that the exchange of territories may be the solution of the Serbia-Kosovo dispute (with Serbia annexing North Kosovo and the Republic of Kosovo annexing Preševo Valley), although many others rejected this proposal.

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Kosovo

North Kosovo consists of four municipalities, Leposavić, Zvečan, Zubin Potok and North Mitrovica. It covers 1,007 km² (389 sq. mi.), or 9.97% of Kosovo's land area.[20] Owing to its border with Serbia proper, North Kosovo is not, strictly speaking, a "Serb enclave" or "Serb exclave".

Before the Kosovo War, the area was predominantly inhabited by Serbs, with a substantial Kosovo Albanians minority and smaller populations of Bosniaks and Roma. The 1991 census recorded 50,500 people in the municipalities of Leposavić, Zvečan and Zubin Potok, of whom the vast majority were Serbs, with a small number of Albanians, and other smaller minorities,[20] though the Statistical Office of Kosovo regards the accuracy of this census as "questionable" given that most Albanians boycotted it.[21] The population of the Mitrovica municipality was predominantly Albanian, with the town itself and two of the nearby villages being ethnically mixed.[22]

Mitrovica was split between Serbs and Albanians at the end of the war, with the Ibar River marking the dividing line. North Mitrovica, which is now home to approximately 22,500 Serbs and 7,000 members of other ethnic groups, is recognized since 2013 as a separate municipality by the Government of Kosovo.

In 2018, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe estimated that the population of Leposavić, Zvečan, Zubin Potok and North Mitrovica stands at 48,500 inhabitants. Of these, around 42,500 (87%) are Serbs, 5,000 (10%) Albanians, 1,000 (3%) Bosniaks and others.

These estimations indicate that more than 60% of all Kosovo's Serbs live in North Kosovo. A special bus service operates in parts of North Kosovo to facilitate the movement of non-Serb residents around the territory.[23] The bus operates with an accompanying security presence to ensure the safety of the passengers and permits those residents to more safely enter and leave the North Kosovo area.[23]

Ethnic map of North Kosovo (blue-majority Serbs, red-majority Albanians)[24]

Municipalities
Municipality District Area in km² Population
North Mitrovica Mitrovica 11 21,000
Leposavić 539 13,000
Zvečan 122 7,500
Zubin Potok 335 7,000
Total 1,007 48,500

Economy
Zvečan Fortress

The economy of the region was devastated by the war — by 2006, the unemployment rate had reached 77% in Mitrovica municipality. The largest employer was the Trepča mining complex in Zvečan which employed 4,000 people at the height of its operations. However, it was shut down in August 2000 due to the severe pollution which it was producing. The economic situation has deteriorated significantly in recent years due to a lack of capital investment, exacerbated by the uncertainty caused by the political dispute over the region's future. The region uses the Serbian dinar rather than the euro used elsewhere in Kosovo.[25][26][27][28][29] Smuggling of goods such as alcohol has become a business in North Kosovo where the customs regulations of the Kosovo authorities are unable to be enforced.[23] The Kosovo customs authorities do, however, attempt to curtail the flow of illegal goods from North Kosovo into the rest of Kosovo and have an elaborate network of surveillance cameras in place in that regard.[23] Smugglers transport goods over the porous frontier between Central Serbia and North Kosovo.[23]

The Serb-majority population refuse to recognize Kosovo as an independent state and have consequently not paid for electricity for more than two decades, since the Kosovo War. As a result, the energy-intensive industry of cryptomining, especially of Bitcoin, is especially profitable, even though it is banned.[30] The electricity used is estimated to cost about 12 million euros annually.[31] The total amount of electricity consumed in the year 2021 in northern Kosovo is 372 GWh, that in terms of electric power consumption per capita is at 7,670 kWh, while the average for Kosovo is 3,185 kWh.[32] This big differences accounts because of the illegal cryptomining in northern Kosovo.

Geography

North Kosovo is rich in mineral resources, once known for the Trepča mining complex. In the northern part of the region north Kosovo, there is a ridge of the mountain Kopaonik, with the peak of Šatorica, 1,770 metres (5,810 ft), above of the town Leposavić. The southern boundary is the river Ibar, which divides the towns of Mitrovica and North Mitrovica. On the west by Zubin Potok, the mountain ranges of Rogozna and Mokra Gora with the peak of Berim, 1,731 metres (5,679 ft), which separates one from the other lake Gazivode.[33]

Politics and the rule of law

Politics

Since 1999, the north of Kosovo, which had a majority of Serb inhabitants, had been governed as de facto independent from the Albanian-dominated government in Pristina. It used Serbian national symbols and participated in Serbian national elections, which are boycotted in the rest of Kosovo; and in turn, it boycotted Kosovo's elections. The municipalities of Leposavić, Zvečan and Zubin Potok are run by local Serbs, while the Mitrovica municipality had rival Serb and Albanian governments until a compromise was agreed in November 2002, whereby the city has one mayor.[34] Serbs were active participants in the Kosovo Elections of 2013.[35]

The region united into a community, the Union of Serbian Districts and District Units of Kosovo and Metohija established in February 2008 by Serbian delegates meeting in Mitrovica, which has since served as North Kosovo's capital. The Union's President is Dragan Velić. This union is not recognised by the Republic of Kosovo, or by UNMIK.[36] And was abolished in 2013 as a result of the Brussels Agreement.

There is also a central governing body, the Serbian National Council for Kosovo and Metohija (SNV).[37] The President of the SNV in North Kosovo is Dr. Milan Ivanović, while the head of its Executive Council is Rada Trajković.[38] Local politics are dominated by the Serbian List for Kosovo.[39] The Serbian List was led by Oliver Ivanović, an engineer from Mitrovica.[38]

North Kosovo is by far the largest of the Serb-dominated areas within Kosovo, and unlike the others, directly borders Central Serbia. This had facilitated its ability to govern itself almost completely independently of the Kosovo institutions in a de facto state of partition; the authorities in turn chose to observe Belgrade's direct rule, which was generally recognised as the legal authority over Kosovo as a whole until the 1998–1999 Kosovo War. However, despite the region being contiguous with Central Serbia, its location within Kosovo and the subsequent conditions of the Kumanovo Treaty in 1999 mean that UNMIK officials have freedom of movement in North Kosovo whereby they assume supervisory status whilst no institution (e.g. police) is in place to enforce Serbian central directives which apply to the rest of Serbia. Before the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, it had been speculated that Kosovo might be partitioned with North Kosovo remaining part of Serbia.[40][41] The complexity of the region has been on the agenda of the 2011 Pristina-Belgrade Talks. In November 2012, Prime Minister of Kosovo Hashim Thaçi stated that autonomy for Northern Kosovo will never be granted, and the region will always remain a part of the Republic of Kosovo.[42]

Rule of law

Law enforcement and green border checkpoints are carried out by KFOR, EULEX and Kosovo Police. According to an International Crisis Group report, covert agents of Serbian police also operate in the area.[43][44] North Mitrovica in particular remains a hot spot for organized crime.[43]

Sport

Due to Serbian refusal of Kosovo institutions, Serbs in this part of Kosovo act independently in sport.[45] For example, the Football First League of North Kosovo is primarily formed of Serbian clubs from four of North Kosovo's municipalities.[45]

  • North Mitrovica
    North Mitrovica
  • Leposavić
    Leposavić
  • Zvečan
    Zvečan
  • Zubin Potok
    Zubin Potok

Notable people

See also

References
  1. Cvetković, Marina. "The exchange of gifts at traditional weddings in the Ibarski Kolašin" – via Google Books.
  2. Ilić, Jovan (1995). The Serbian question in the Balkans. Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade. ISBN 9788682657019 – via Google Books.
  3. Živković, Miloš; Slobodan, Kremenjak; Stojković, Miloš (2020). Media Law in Serbia. Kluwer Law International. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9789403523033. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  4. BBC, Could Balkan break-up continue?, 22.02.08
  5. ""Koha ditore": Kosovska vlada bez ingerencija na severu Kosova - Vesti dana - Vesti Krstarice". 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011.
  6. Kosovo PM: End to Parallel Structures, BalkanInsight.com, March 7, 2008
  7. "Serbs form rival Kosovo assembly". BBC News. 14 June 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.
  8. Vesna Peric Zimonjic (29 June 2008). "Kosovo Serbs set up rival assembly". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  9. "Kosovo", Jane's Sentinel, July 2006
  10. UNMIK Condemns And Investigates Incident Archived 2010-07-31 at the Wayback Machine, B92, February 10, 2005
  11. Oliver Ivanović interview, Danas, Belgrade, pp. 12-13. 9 December 2006
  12. President Pacolli visits the northern part of Mitrovica, President of the Republic of Kosovo, February 26, 2011
  13. "Serbia/Kosovo: The Brussels Agreements and Beyond" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2014.
  14. "Report on implementation of the Brussels Agreements" (PDF).
  15. "The Brussels Agreement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013.
  16. "DODIK: Serbia should seek North Kosovo". www.novosti.rs (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  17. "Vučić: Zalažem se za razgraničenje sa Albancima". N1 Srbija (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  18. "Dačić: There is no better solution than partition of Kosovo". N1 Srbija (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  19. "Vulin: I am for partition of Kosovo and Metohija". Politika Online (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  20. OSCE profiles of Leposavić 18,600 including 18,000 Serbs and 200 Albanians, Zubin Potok 14,900 "with a vast Kosovo Serb majority" with 800 Kosovo Albanians, and Zvečan "The estimated total population is 17,000 with a large Kosovo Serbian majority (approximately 16,000). Some 350 Kosovo Albanians (...)", 1 May 2006
  21. Kosovo and its Population Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, Statistical Office of Kosovo, September 2003
  22. OSCE profile of Mitrovica, 1 May 2006
  23. France 24 'programme length' special report on Kosovo broadcast on 24 December 2010
  24. "Šta zapravo znači ideja o razgraničenju na Kosovu?". N1 Srbija (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  25. Mitchell, Lawrence: Travel Guide Serbia, p. 324-325.
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  28. "Kosovo loses millions of euros from the use of the Serbian dinar". Kosova Press. 12 September 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  29. "Foreign travel advice Kosovo". www.gov.uk. UK Government. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  30. "Kosovo bans cryptocurrency mining after blackouts". BBC News. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  31. Ahmeti, Adelina; Gashi, Kreshnik (12 May 2021). "In North Kosovo, Mining for Bitcoin on 'Free' Electricity". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  32. "ANNUAL REPORT 2021" (PDF).
  33. Valentina, Milanovic (May 2018). "Helminth fauna of small ruminants in North Kosovo Serbia". www.researchgate.net. p. 3.
  34. "Four Northern Kosovo Mayors Resign due to Reciprocity Rules". ALBANIA DAILY NEWS. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  35. "Kosovo – 2013 local election: The Battle for Prishtina". www.ifimes.org. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  36. "Kosovo Serbs launch new assembly", BBC News, 28 June 2008
  37. Brenner, Yermi (19 February 2013). "The North Kosovo Obstacle to Peace". PassBlue. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  38. "Serb integration in Kosovo" (PDF). www.files.ethz.ch. 12 May 2009.
  39. "Serb List Will Not Attend North Kosovo Local Elections". ALBANIA DAILY NEWS. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  40. "Kosovo partition 'on the table'". BBC News. 12 August 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
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  42. "Thaci autonomy for north kosovo is dream". 2007.
  43. North Kosovo: Dual Sovereignty in Practice Archived 2011-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, International Crisis Group, 14 March 2011
  44. Mark Lowen (27 July 2011). "Kosovo tense after deadly clash on Serbian border". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  45. "List of association football clubs playing in the league of another country". secondchoice.life.

Further reading
  • Lutovac, M. (1956) Ibarski Kolašin. Naselja, Beograd, XXXIV, 8
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