Ibn Duraid

Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Duraid al-Azdī al-Baṣrī ad-Dawsī Al-Zahrani (أبو بكر محمد بن الحسن بن دريد بن عتاهية الأزدي البصري الدوسي الزهراني), or Ibn Duraid (إبن دريد)[1] (c. 837-933 CE), a leading grammarian of Baṣrah, was described as "the most accomplished scholar, ablest philologer and first poet of the age",[2] was from Baṣra in the Abbasid era.[3][4] Ibn Duraid is best known today as the lexicographer of the influential dictionary, the Jamharat al-Lugha (جمهرة اللغة). The fame of this comprehensive dictionary of the Arabic language[5] is second only to its predecessor, the Kitab al-'Ayn of al-Farahidi.[6][7]

Life

Ibn Duraid was born in Baṣrah, on "Sālih Street", (233H / c. 837CE) in the reign of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim;[5][4][2][8][9][10] Among his teachers were Abū Hātim as-Sijistāni, ar-Riāshi (Abū al-Faḍl al-'Abbās ibn al-Faraj al-Riyāshī)), Abd ar-Rahmān Ibn Abd Allah, surnamed nephew of al-Asmāi (Ibn Akhī’l Asmāi), Abū Othmān Saīd Ibn Hārūn al-Ushnāndāni, author of Kitāb al-Maāni,[2] al-Tawwazī, and al-Ziyādi. He quoted from the book Musālamāt al-Ashrāf (Gestures of Friendship of the Nobles) written by his paternal uncle al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad.[11] Ibn Duraid himself identified with the Qahtanite Arabs,[8] the larger confederacy of which Azd is a sub-group. Ibn Khallikān in his biographical dictionary gives his full name as:

Abū Bakr M. b. al-Hasan b. Duraid b. Atāhiya b. Hantam b. Hasan b. Hamāmi b. Jarw Wāsī b. Wahb b. Salama b. Hādir b. Asad b. Adi b. Amr b. Mālik b. Fahm b. Ghānim b. Daus b. Udthān b. Abd Allāh b. Zahrān b. Kaab b. al-Hārith b. Kaab b. Abd Allāh b. Mālik b. Nasr b. al-Azd b. al-Gauth b. Nabt b. Mālik b. Zaid b. Kahlān b. Saba b. Yashjub b. Yārub b. Kahtān, of the Azd tribe, native of Baṣrah.[2][12]

Ibn al-Nadim writing two centuries earlier gives a slightly curtailed genealogy with some variation:

Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Durayd bin ‘Atāhiyah ibn Ḥantam ibn Ḥasan, son of Ḥamāmī, whose name came from a village in the region of ‘Umān called Ḥamāmā and who was the son of Jarw ibn Wāsi‘ ibn Wahb bin Salamah ibn Jusham ibn Ḥādir ibn Asad bin ‘Adī ibn ‘Amr ibn Mālik ibn Naṣr ibn Azd ibn al-Ghawth.[11]

When Basra was attacked by the Zanj and Ar-Riāshī murdered in 871 he fled to Oman,[8][2] then ruled by Muhallabi.[1] He is said to have practiced as a physician although no works on medical science by him are known to survive.[9][13] After twelve years Khallikan says he returned to Basra for a time and then moved to Persia[2] In Al-Nadim's account he moved to Jazīrat Ibn ‘Umārah (this may refer to the Baṣra suburb) before he moved to Persia[11] where he was under the protection of the governor Abd-Allah Mikali and his sons, and where he wrote his chief works.[1] Abd-Allah appointed him director of the government office for Fars Province and it is said while there each time his salary was paid he donated almost it all to the poor.[2] In 920 he moved to Baghdad,[9][2] and received a monthly pension of fifty dinars from the caliph Al-Muqtadir[1] in support of his literary activities which continued to his death.[2] In Baghdad he became an acquaintance of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari.[14]

Illness and Death

Ibn Khallikan reports many tales of Ibn Duraid's fondness of wine and alcohol so when towards the age of ninety Ibn Duraid suffered partial paralysis following a stroke, he managed to cure himself by drinking theriac ,[15] he resumed his old habits and continued to teach. However the palsy returned the next year much more severe so he could only move his hands. He would cry out in pain when anyone entered his room. His student Abū Alī Isma’il al-Kāli al-Baghdādi remarked: The Almighty has punished him for saying in his Maksūraī:

“Oh Time! You have met someone who, were the heavenly spheres to fall upon him, would not utter complaint.”

He remained paralysed and in pain for two more years, although his mind remained sharp and he answered, as quick as thought, questions from students on points of philology. To one such, Abū Hātim, he responded:

Had the light of my eyes been extinguished, you would not have found one as able to quench your thirst for knowledge.”

His last words were in reply to Abū Alī:

“Hāl al-jarīd dūn al-karīd” (the choking stops the verse).[16]

(These were the proverbial words of the jahiliyya poet ʿAbīd ibn al-Abraṣ uttered on the point of being put to death on the orders of the last king of Hīra, an-Nomān Ibn al-Mundir al-Lakhmi, and commanded to first recite some of his verse.)[2][9][13][15][17]

Ibn Duraid died in August of 933, on a Wednesday,[7][10][18][19][20] He was buried on the east bank of the Tigris River in the Abbasiya cemetery, and his tomb was next to the old arms bazaar near the As-Shārī ‘l Aazam. The celebrated muʿtazilite philosopher cleric Hāshim Abd as-Salām al-Jubbāi died the same day. Some of Baghdad cried "Philology and theology have died on this day!"[16]

Works

He is said to have written over fifty books of language and literature. As a poet his versatility and range was proverbial and his output too prodigious to count. His collection of forty stories were much cited and quoted by later authors, though only fragments survive.[21] Perhaps drawing on his Omani ancestry, his poetry contains some distinctly Omani themes.[10]

Kitāb al-Maqṣūrah
  • Maqṣūrah (مقصورة) i.e. "Compartment", or "Short Alif" (maqsūr); also known as Kasīda; is a eulogium to al-Shāh 'Abd-Allāh Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Mīkāl and his son Abu'l-Abbas Ismail; editions by A. Haitsma (1773), E. Scheidius (1786), and N. Boyesen (1828). Various commentaries on the poem exist in manuscript (cf. C. Brockelmann, Gesch. der Arab. lit., i. 211 ff., Weimar, 1898).

Kitāb al-Ishtiqāq
  • Al-Ištiqāq Kitāb Dida aš-šu‘ūbīya wa fī Yufasir Ištiqāq al-'Asmā' al-'Arabīati (الاشتقاق كتاب ضد الشعوبية وفيه يفسر اشتقاق الأسماء العربية) (Book of Etymology Against Shu'ubiyya and Arabic Name Etymologies Explained); abbr., Kitāb ul-Ištiqāq (الاشتقاق) (ed., Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1854):[22] Descriptions of etymological ties of Arabian tribal names and the earliest polemic against the "šu‘ūbīya" populist movement.[20][23][24]

Jamhara fi 'l-Lughat
  • Jamhara fi 'l-Lughat (جمهرة اللغة)[25] (The Main Part, The Collection) on the science of language, or Arabic Language dictionary, Owing to the fragmented process of the text's dictation, the early parts made in Persia and later parts from memory in Baghdad, with frequent additions and deletions evolved from a diversity of transcriptions, additions and deletion, led to inconsistencies. The grammarian Abū al-Fatḥ 'Ubayd Allāh ibn Aḥmad collected several of the various manuscripts and produced a corrected copy which ibn Duraid read and approved. Originally in three manuscript volumes, the third largely comprised an extensive index.[4] Published in Hyderabad, India in four volumes (1926, 1930).[26] The historian Al-Masudi praised Ibn Duraid as the intellectual heir of Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, the compiler of the first Arabic dictionary, the Kitab al-'Ayn (كتاب العين), i.e. "The Source Book".[27] in his Kitāb al-Fihrist Al-Nadīm reports a written account by Abū al-Fatḥ ibn al-Naḥwī that Ibn Duraid examined the manuscript of Kitāb al-'Ayn at Baṣrah in 248H/ 862CE.[11] Al-Nadim also names ibn Duraid among a group of scholar proofreaders who corrected the Kitāb al-'Ayn.[11] However while Ibn Duraid's dictionary builds on al-Farahidi's - indeed Niftawayh, a contemporary of Ibn Duraid's, even accused him of plagiarizing from al-Farahidi[28][29] - Ibn Duraid departs from the system which had been followed previously, of a phonetic progression of letter production that began with the 'deepest' letter, the glottal pharyngeal letter "ع" (عين), i.e. ʿayn meaning "source". Instead he adopted the abjad, or Arabic alphabetic ordering system that is the universal standard of dictionary format today.[6][30][31][26]

Other Titles
  • al-'Ashrabat (Beverages) (الأشربة)
  • al-'Amali (Dictation) (الأمالي) (educational translation exercises)
  • as-Siraj wa'l-lijam (Saddle and Bridle) (السرج واللجام)
  • Kitab al-Khayl al-Kabir (Great Horse Book) (كتاب الخيل الكبير)
  • Kitab al-Khayl as-Saghir (Little Horse Book) (كتاب الخيل الصغير)
  • Kitab as-Silah (Book of Weapons) (كتاب السلاح)
  • Kitab al-Anwa (The Tempest Book) (كتاب الأنواء); astrological influence on weather
  • Kitab al-Mulaḥḥin (The Composer Book) (كتاب الملاحن)
  • al-Maqsur wa'l-Mamdud (Limited and Extended)(المقصور والممدود)
  • Dhakhayir al-Hikma (Wisdom Ammunition) (ذخائر الحكمة)
  • al-Mujtanaa (The Select) (المجتنى) (Arabic)[32]
  • as-Sahab wa'l-Ghith (Clouds and Rain) (السحاب والغيث)
  • Taqwim al-Lisan (Eloqution) (تقويم اللسان)
  • Adaba al-Katib (Literary Writer) (أدب الكاتب)
  • al-Wishah (The Ornamental Belt) (الوشاح) didactic treatise
  • Zuwwar al-Arab (Arab Pilgrims) (زوار العرب)
  • al-Lughat (Languages) (اللغات); dialects and idiomatic expressions.
  • Fa'altu wa-Af'altu (Verb and Active Participle) (فَعَلْتُ وأَفْعَلْتُ)
  • al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Qurān (Rare Terms in the Qurān) (المفردات في غريب القرآن)

Commentaries On His Work
  • Abū Bakr Ibn al-Sarrāj; Commentary on the Maqṣūrah called Kitāb al-Maqṣūr wa-al-Mamdūd (The Shortened and the Lengthened)[33]
  • Abū Sa’īd al-Sirāfī, (a judge of Persian origin); Commentary on the Maqṣūrah
  • Abu 'Umar al-Zahid; Falsity of "Al-Jamharah" and a Refutation of Ibn Duraid
  • Al-'Umari (a judge of Tikrīt); Commentary on the "Maqṣūrah" of Abū Bakr Ibn Durayd[11]

See also

Citations
  1. Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). "Ibn Duraid" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
  2. Wafayat al-Ayan (The Obituaries of Eminent Men) by Ibn Khallikan
  3. Robert Gleave, Islam and Literalism: Literal Meaning and Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory, pg. 126. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780748625703
  4. Abit Yaşar Koçak, Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries, pg. 23. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002. ISBN 9783899300215
  5. Introduction to Early Medieval Arabic: Studies on Al-Khalīl Ibn Ahmad, pg. xii. Ed. Karin C. Ryding. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780878406630
  6. John A. Haywood, "Arabic Lexicography." Taken from Dictionaries: An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography, pg. 2,441. Ed. Franz Josef Hausmann. Volume 5 of Handbooks of Linguistics & Communication Science, #5/3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991. ISBN 9783110124217
  7. A. Cilardo, "Preliminary Notes on the Meaning of the Qur'anic Term Kalala." Taken from Law, Christianity and Modernism in Islamic Society: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Congress of the Union Européenne Des Arabisants Et Islamisants Held at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, pg. 3. Peeters Publishers, 1998. ISBN 9789068319798
  8. J. Pederson, "Ibn Duraid." Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed. Eds. M. Th. Houtsma, T.W. Arnold, R. Basset and R. Hartmann. Brill Online, 2013.
  9. Cyril Elgood, A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times Until the Year A.D. 1932, pg. 247. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 9781108015882
  10. Donald Hawley, Oman, pg. 194. Jubilee edition. Kensington: Stacey International, 1995. ISBN 0905743636
  11. Al-Nadim, Kitab al-Fihrist Book1, ch.ii;1
  12. Ibn Khallikan, Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch, vol. 3, pgs. 38 and 39. Ed. William McGuckin de Slane. Paris: Benjamin Duprat, 1845. Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
  13. Harold Bowen, The Life and Times of 'Alí Ibn 'Ísà, 'the Good Vizier', pg. 277. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, 1928.
  14. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, vol. 1, pg. 79. Trns. Franz Rosenthal. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. ISBN 9780887065637
  15. Ibn Khallikan, Deaths, pg. 41.
  16. Ibn Khallikan, Deaths, pg. 42.
  17. The Diwans of Abid ibn al-Abras, of Asad, and Amir ibn at-Tufail, of Amir ibn Sasaah
  18. Fedwa Malti-Douglas, Power, marginality, and the body in medieval Islam, pg. 416. Volume 723 of Collected studies. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2001. ISBN 9780860788553
  19. Gregor Schoeler, The Oral and the Written in Early Islam, pg. 154. Trsn. Uwe Vagelpohl, ed. James E Montgomery. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Literatures. London: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 9781134158805
  20. Shawkat M. Toorawa, Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur and Arabic Writerly Culture: A Ninth Century Bookman in Baghdad. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Literatures. Routledge eBook; published 2005, digitized 2012. ISBN 9781134430536
  21. Alexander E. Elinson, Looking Back at Al-Andalus: The Poetics of Loss and Nostalgia in Medieval Arabic and Hebrew Literature, pg. 53. Volume 34 of Brill studies in Middle Eastern literatures. Ledien: Brill Publishers, 2009. ISBN 9789004166806
  22. Durayd (Ibn), Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1854). Wüstenfeld, F. (ed.). Kitāb al-Ishtiqāq (Ibn Doreid's genealogisch-etymologisches Handbuch) (in Arabic). Göttingen: Dieterich.
  23. Yasir Suleiman, The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology, pg. 60. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780748617074
  24. Yasir Suleiman, "Ideology, Grammar-Making and Standardization." Taken from In the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arab Culture, Pg. 20. Ed. Bilal Orfali. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011. Print. ISBN 9789004215375
  25. Jamhara fi 'l-Lughat
  26. Abit Yaşar Koçak, Handbook, pg. 26.
  27. Rafael Ṭalmôn, Arabic Grammar in Its Formative Age: Kitāb Al-ʻAyn and Its Attribution to, pg. 70. Volume 25 of Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997. ISBN 9789004108127
  28. Ramzi Baalbaki, "Kitab al-ayn and Jamharat al-lugha". Taken from Early Medieval Arabic, pg. 44.
  29. M.G. Carter, "Arabic Lexicography." Taken from Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period, pg. 112. Eds. M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780521028875
  30. Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Linguistic Tradition, pg. 31. Part of the Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. London: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9780415157575
  31. Abit Yaşar Koçak, Handbook, pg. 24.
  32. Al-Mujtanaa
  33. Yāqūt, Shīhab al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī (1907), Margoliouth, D. S. (ed.), Irshād al-Arīb alā Ma'rifat al-Adīb (Yāqūt's Dictionary of Learned Men) (in Arabic), vol. VI, Leiden: Brill, pp. 489–493
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