Beriev A-50

The Beriev A-50 (NATO reporting name: Mainstay) is a Soviet airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft based on the Ilyushin Il-76 transport. Developed to replace the Tupolev Tu-126 "Moss", the A-50 first flew in 1978. Its existence was revealed to the Western Bloc in 1978 by Adolf Tolkachev.[2] It entered service in 1985, with about 40 produced by 1992.

A-50
Beriev A-50
Role Airborne early warning and control
Manufacturer Beriev
First flight 19 December 1978[1]
Introduction 1985[1]
Status In service
Primary users Russian Aerospace Forces
Indian Air Force
Produced 1978–1992
Number built ~40
Developed from Ilyushin Il-76
Developed into Beriev A-100

Design and development

The mission personnel of the 15-man crew derive data from the large Liana surveillance radar with its antenna in an over-fuselage rotodome, which has a diameter of 9 metres (30 ft) Detection range is 650 kilometres (400 mi; 350 nmi) for air targets and 300 kilometres (190 mi; 160 nmi) for ground targets.[3]

The A-50 can control up to ten fighter aircraft for either air-to-air intercept or air-to-ground attack missions. The A-50 can fly for four hours with a range of 1,000 kilometres (620 mi; 540 nmi) from its base, at a maximum takeoff weight of 190 metric tons (420,000 lb). The aircraft can be refuelled by Il-78 tankers.[4][5]

The radar "Vega-M" is designed by MNIIP, Moscow, and produced by NPO Vega. The "Vega-M" can track up to 150 targets simultaneously within 230 kilometres (140 mi; 120 nmi). Large targets, like surface ships, can be tracked at a distance of 400 kilometres (250 mi; 220 nmi).[6]

Development work on a modernized version, the A-50U, began in 2003; state tests started on 10 September 2008, using a Russian Air Force A-50 "37 Krasnyy" as a prototype. It replaces analog avionics with a new digital avionics suite, made by Vega Radio Engineering Corporation, that speeds data processing and improves signal tracking and target detection. Crew rest, toilet and galley facilities are also included in the upgrade.[7]

After completing the joint state tests, Beriev has delivered the first A-50U to the Russian Air Force. The aircraft, "47 Krasnyy'"RF-92957, was handed over at Beriev's facility in Taganrog on 31 October 2011.[8] It was accepted by an aircrew serving with the 2457th Aviation Base for Combat Operation of Airborne Early Warning Aircraft (Aviabaza Boevogo Primeneniya Samolyotov Dal'nego Radiolokatsionnogo Obnaruzheniya) at Ivanovo Severny, which is the only base using the A-50 operationally (it operates 16 aircraft).[7] The fourth A-50U, "41 Taganrog", was delivered to the Russian Aerospace Forces on 7 March 2017. The fifth A-50U, "45 Krasnyy", was delivered on 6 December 2018. Eight A-50U aircraft have been delivered as of September 2023.[9][10]

The A-50U upgrade forms the basis of the concept for Beriev A-100 AEW&C. Its configuration will be similar, but with a new Vega Premier active electronically scanned array radar.[7]

Operational history

The aircraft entered service with the 67th Independent Aviation Squadron, Long-Range Airborne Surveillance (67 OAE DRLO) (в/ч 32457) in 1984 at Siauliai in Lithuania.[11] There is no known record of Lithuanian authorities being consulted about the stationing of the radar aircraft in their republic. The unit was redesignated the 144th Independent Regiment DRLO, (в/ч 89449) and then later moved to Pechora Kamenka (air base) (often referred to as "Berezovka") in 1998.

There was a detachment (two A-50s and one Il-76) as part of the 192nd Guards Kerch Red Banner Military Transport Aviation Regiment (в/ч 26212), Ukurey Airfield Chita Oblast, from 1985 to 1995. It was formed at the Ulan-Ude (Vostochny) airfield in 1985, and flew to Ukurei in 1988. It was disbanded in 1995 and aircraft transferred to the 144th Independent Regiment. The 18th Independent Aviation Detachment DRLO (two A-50s and 1 Il-76) was established at the Vitebsk-Severny airfield from 1985. In 1993, the detachment was disestablished.

Two aircraft "operated round-the-clock over [the] Black Sea during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm (1990-1991), monitoring USAF operations from Turkey and keeping a watch for "stray" cruise missiles."[11]: 351 

In late December 2015, the A-50 started operations over Syria, flying from Russia, to support Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.[12]

In December 2018, it was deployed to Crimea.[13]

On 26 February 2023, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Association of Security Forces of Belarus (BYPOL) reported that it had conduct a drone attack and damaged a Russian A-50 at the Machulishchy air base near Minsk, Belarus.[14] Russia is believed to have nine[14] or ten[15] operational A-50s. The attacked base also hosts MiG-31 fighters used to attack Ukraine.[14][16][17] However, satellite imagery of the Machulishchy air base from 28 February showed no significant damage to the sole A-50 located there.[18] The drone operators posted a video of a practice run of the alleged A50U bombing on YouTube on March 2, 2023, which shows the drone flying into Machulishchy unopposed, then landing on the A-50's rotodome. On March 3, 2023, the drone operators posted a second video showing a drone landing on the domed area on top of the fuselage just forward of the wings followed by a loss of video signal claimed to be due to the actual explosion.

External video
YouTube logo
video icon ⚡️ А-50 — Дыверсія на відэа — Мачулішчы. Новыя кадры з дрона — гэта ўжо не выведка (A-50 — Sabotage on video — Machulishchi. New footage from a drone is no longer intelligence), retrieved 9 September 2023
video icon ⚡️РАЗВЕДКА! ДРЛО А-50У на аэродроме МАЧУЛИЩИ! (INTELLIGENCE SERVICE! AWACS A-50U at MACHULISHI airfield!), retrieved 9 September 2023

Variants
Indian Air Force Beriev A-50EI
  • A-50 – Original variant.
  • A-50M – Updated variant of the A-50 fitted with air refueling.
  • A-50U – Updated variant of the A-50M with modern electronics and increased crew comfort.[19][20]
  • llyushin/Beriyev ‘Aircraft 676’[21]: 302—305  - One-off stop-gap telemetry and tracking aircraft.
  • llyushin/Beriyev ‘Aircraft 776[21]: 302—305  - One-off stop-gap telemetry and tracking aircraft.
  • llyushin/Beriyev ‘Aircraft 976' (SKIP)[21]: 302—305  - (Airborne Check-Measure-and-Control Center) – Il-76-based Range Control and Missile tracking platform. Initially built to support Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile tests.
  • Izdeliye 1076'[21]: 305—309  - One-off special mission aircraft with unknown duties.
  • A-50EI – An export version for the Indian Air Force with Aviadvigatel PS-90A-76 engines and Israeli EL/W-2090 radar.[22]

Operators
 India
A Russian A-50U at Vladivostok International Airport 2019
 Russia

Former operators
 Soviet Union

Specifications (A-50)
Orthographically projected diagram of the Beriev A-50.

Data from

General characteristics

  • Crew: 15
  • Length: 49.59 m (162 ft 8 in)
  • Wingspan: 50.5 m (165 ft 8 in)
  • Height: 14.76 m (48 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 300 m2 (3,200 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: root: TsAGI P-151 (13%); tip: TsAGI P-151 (10%)[24]
  • Empty weight: 75,000 kg (165,347 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 170,000 kg (374,786 lb)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Soloviev D-30KP turbofan engines, 117.68 kN (26,460 lbf) thrust each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 900 km/h (560 mph, 490 kn)
  • Range: 7,500 km (4,700 mi, 4,000 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,000 ft)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References
  1. "А-50". Уголок неба [Corner of the Sky] (in Russian). n.d. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  2. Hoffman, David E. (May 2016). "Epilogue | A Note On The Intelligence". The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal (First ed.). New York City: Doubleday. pp. 525–532. ISBN 978-0-385-53760-5. LCCN 2015003370. OCLC 906798006. OL 27183902M – via Internet Archive. p. 530: In another intelligence windfall, Tolkachev was the first to alert the United States that the Soviet Union was starting to develop an advanced airborne warning and control system, or AWACS, a flying radar station. Once Tolkachev pointed it out, U.S. spy satellites confirmed it. The twenty-ton radar, named SHMEL, or "bumblebee," would be carried on a modified Ilyushin Il-76 military transport jet, with a flying disk for the radar dome, not unlike the advanced U.S. E-3 Sentry system, based on a modified Boeing 707, which was already flying.
  3. "Russian Air Force takes delivery of fourth upgraded A-50U AEW&C aircraft". Air Recognition. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  4. "Image: A50b.jpg, (1024 × 768 px)". i597.photobucket.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  5. "Image: A50.jpg, (1024 × 768 px)". i597.photobucket.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  6. Видео новейшего "летающего радара" А-50У [Video of the newest "flying radar" A-50U]. Военно-промышленный курьер [Military Industrial Courier] (in Russian). 29 March 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  7. "Beriev delivers first upgraded A-50U Mainstay". Air Forces Monthly. No. 286. January 2012. p. 28. ISSN 0955-7091.
  8. Allport, Dave (1 November 2011). "Russian Air Force Takes Delivery of first Upgraded A-50U Mainstay AEW&C; Aircraft". Key.Aero. Key Publishing. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2023. AFTER COMPLETION of State Joint Tests, Beriev has now delivered the first upgraded A-50U Mainstay airborne early warning and control (AEW&C;) aircraft to the Russian Air Force. The aircraft was handed-over at Beriev's facility in Taganrog on October 31 to an Air Force crew prior to being flown out to its operational base.
  9. Fadeichev, Sergei (29 December 2021). "Defense contractor delivers upgraded A-50U long-range 'flying radar' to Russian troops". TASS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  10. "Russia's Aerospace Force obtains another A-50U early warning and control aircraft".
  11. "Beriev A-50". Jane's All the World's Aircraft: 351. February 2001. ISSN 0075-3017.
  12. Ripley, Tim (13 January 2016). "Russia operates 'Mainstay' AEW&Cs over Syria". Jane's Defence Weekly. Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. 53 (10). ISSN 0265-3818.
  13. Ripley, Tim; Cazalet, Mark (12 December 2018). "Russia reinforces Crimea". Jane's Defence Weekly. London. ISSN 0265-3818. OCLC 613908494. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2023 – via Jane's 360. Russia has launched a drive to reinforce its air and land forces deployed on the contested Crimea peninsula, according to open source monitoring and satellite imagery. [...] Open source tracking also indicates that the VKS has deployed A-50 airborne early warning radar aircraft to Saki Air Base on the western coast of Crimea. An A-50 of the 144th Airborne Early Warning Aviation Regiment, the VKS's only unit to operate the aircraft, was tracked flying from its home base at Ivanovo to Saki on 7 December.
  14. Roth, Andrew; Beaumont, Peter (27 February 2023). "Belarus partisans say they blew up Russian plane near Minsk". The Guardian. eISSN 1756-3224. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023. What is concerning for Moscow is that the airbase has also been hosting at least one MIG-31 interceptor, which is capable of carrying a nuclear capable hypersonic missile, aircraft whose launches have been responsible of a number of recent air alarms in Ukraine.
  15. Rogoway, Tyler (26 February 2023). "Claims Swirl Around Supposed Strike On Russian A-50 Radar Jet In Belarus (Updated)". thedrive.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023. Roughly, around 10 are thought to be operational in general, with some sources saying the number is actually significantly lower.
  16. "Opposition group: Russian aircraft damaged by explosions in Belarus". The Kyiv Independent. 26 February 2023. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  17. Tyschenko, Kateryna (26 February 2023). "Belarusian partisans sabotaged in Machulishchy". Ukrainska Pravda. OCLC 1066371688. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  18. Rogoway, Tyler (28 February 2023). "Russian A-50 Radar Jet Intact After Claimed Drone Attack In Belarus". thedrive.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023. The image, taken this morning on February 28, 2023, shows the A-50 Mainstay airborne early warning and control aircraft that was supposedly attacked still largely intact on the flightline at the base.
  19. Bryansky, Max (March 2009). "Aviation Photo #2000140 | Beriev A-50U - Russia - Air Force". Airliners.net. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  20. Waldron, Greg (30 December 2018). "Russia continues A-50 AEW&C upgrade work". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  21. Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy; Komissarov, Sergey (10 March 2005). OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85780-187-3. LCCN 2007531537. OCLC 56539257. OL 9001242M – via Internet Archive.
  22. "Beriev delivered third A-50EI". Take-off Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2023. The third A-50EI airborne warning and control aircraft serialled KW3553 built by Beriev company for the Indian Air Force (IAF) under a trilateral contract was ferried from Taganrog to Israel on 8 October 2010 for ELTA to fit it with the MSA radar system.
  23. World Air Forces 2021 (pdf) (Report). FlightGlobal. 2021. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  24. Lednicer, David (4 June 2023). "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". Aeromechanical Solutions LLC. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023. Ilyushin Il-76 | TsAGI P-151 (13%) | TsAGI P-151 (10%)

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