Indian Creek massacre

The Indian Creek massacre resulted from a dispute between U.S. settlers and a Potawatomi Native American village along the Indian Creek in LaSalle County, Illinois. In the spring of 1832, a blacksmith named William Davis dammed the creek to provide power for his sawmill.[3] Meau-eus, the principal chief of the small Potawatomi village, protested to Davis that the dam prevented fish from reaching the village. Davis ignored the protests and assaulted a Potawatomi male who tried to dismantle the dam. The villagers wanted to retaliate, but Potawatomi chiefs Shabbona and Waubonsie advised a compromise that the villagers fish below the dam.[4]

Meanwhile, in February 1832, a Sauk leader named Black Hawk wanted to resettle on land ceded to the United States by the disputed Treaty of St. Louis (1804). Black Hawk thought that the Potawatomi in Illinois would support the resettling since they had grievances about the United States expansion into Native American territory.[5]

Potawatomi leaders feared that the United States had become too powerful to be opposed by their force. Potawatomi chiefs urged their people to stay neutral in the coming conflict, but, as in other tribes, chiefs did not have the authority or power to compel compliance.[6] Potawatomi leaders worried that the tribe as a whole would be punished if any Potawatomi supported Black Hawk. At a council outside Chicago on May 1, 1832, Potawatomi leaders including Billy Caldwell "passed a resolution declaring any Potawatomi who supported Black Hawk a traitor to his tribe".[7] In mid May, Potawatomi leaders told Black Hawk that he did not have their support.[8]

Black Hawk led a group of Sauks, Meskwakis, and Kickapoos known as the "British Band", to cross the Mississippi River from Iowa into the U.S. state of Illinois. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but it is said that he was apparently hoping to avoid bloodshed.[9]

Stillman's Run     Buffalo Grove     Plum River     Indian Creek     St. Vrain     Fort Blue Mounds     Spafford Farm     Horseshoe Bend     Waddams Grove     Kellogg's Grove     Ament's Cabin     Apple River Fort     Sinsinawa Mound     Wisconsin Heights     Bad Axe                                                                                                     Michigan Territory (Wisconsin) Illinois Unorganized Territory (Iowa)

Map of Black Hawk War sites Battle (with name) Fort / settlement Native village Symbols are wikilinked to article

Hostilities in the Black Hawk War began on May 14, 1832, when Black Hawk's warriors soundly defeated Illinois militiamen at the Battle of Stillman's Run. Potawatomi Chief Shabbona worried that Black Hawk's success would encourage Native attacks on American settlements, and that Potawatomis would be held responsible. Soon after the battle, Shabbona, his son, and his nephew rode out to warn nearby American settlers, that they were in danger.[10] Many people fled to Ottawa for safety, but William Davis, a settler from Kentucky, who had built the controversial dam, convinced some of his neighbors they were not in danger.[11] Twenty-three people, including the Davis family, the Hall family, the Pettigrew family and several other men, remained at the Davis settlement.[12]

During the late afternoon of May 21, 1832, a party of about forty to eighty Potawatomis,[13] with three Sauks from Black Hawk's band accompanying them,[14] approached the Davis cabin, vaulted the fence and sprinted forward to attack.[15] Several male settlers were working in the fields and in the blacksmith's shop, rushed to the house during the attack and were killed. Six of the young men escaped the slaughter by fleeing.[16] Fifteen settlers were killed and scalped. One victim was scalped twice, from the hair on his head, to his beard.[17] "The men and children were chopped to pieces," writes historian Kerry Trask, "and the dead women were hung up by their feet" and their bodies mutilated in ways too gruesome for contemporary observers to record in writing.[18]

Most modern scholars do not identify the leader of this attack. According to historian Patrick Jung, the attack was led by the Potawatomi man who had been assaulted at the dam by Davis, but Jung did not identify this Potawatomi by name.[12] Historians Kerry Trask and John Hall identified the man who had been assaulted as Keewassee, but they did not specifically indicate his participation in the attack, or any leader of the attack.[19] Historian David Edmunds wrote that the attack was led by Toquame and Comee, two Potawatomi warriors. Jung said that Keewasse, Toquame, and Comee were three Sauk warriors were merely accompanying the Potawatomis during the attack.[20]

In 1872, amateur historian Nehemiah Matson wrote that the raid was led by a man named Mike Girty, who was believed to be the mixed race son of Simon Girty.[21] Matson's validity as a source was questioned as early as 1903 in a book by Frank E. Stevens that indicated "The statement by Matson that one Mike Girty was connected with the Indian Creek massacre is incorrect."[22] In 1960, Matson's work was questioned, by scholars, as a valid source, as he indiscriminately mixed fact and legend.[23] Modern scholarly accounts of the Black Hawk War and the Indian Creek massacre make no mention of Mike Girty.

Sylvia Hall in an undated photograph published in 1903.[24]

Rachel Hall, photographed in 1865 at about age 50.[25]

Two young women from the settlement, Sylvia Hall (age 19) and Rachel Hall (age 17),[26] were spared by the attackers and taken northwards. At one point, Sylvia fainted when she recognized that one of the warriors carried her mother's scalp.[27] After a hard journey of about 80 miles,[28] they arrived at Black Hawk's camp.[29] The Hall sisters were held for eleven days. Most of the time was spent at Black Hawk's camp where they were treated well.[15] In his memoirs dictated after the war, Black Hawk insisted that the three Sauks with the Potawatomis had saved the Hall sisters' lives. Black Hawk recounted:

They were brought to our encampment, and a messenger sent to the Winnebagoes, as they were friendly on both sides, to come and get them, and carry them to the whites. If these young men, belonging to my band, had not gone with the Pottowittomies [sic], the two young squaws would have shared the same fate as their friends.

A Ho-Chunk chief named White Crow negotiated their release.[30] Like some other area Ho-Chunks, White Crow was trying to placate the Americans while clandestinely aiding the British Band.[31] U.S. Indian agent Henry Gratiot paid a ransom for the girls of ten horses, wampum, and corn. The Hall sisters were released on June 1, 1832,[15] at the Blue Mound Fort.[32]

The Indian Creek massacre was the most significant publicized incident during the Black Hawk War.[33] The killings triggered panic in the settler population who abandoned settlements and sought refuge in frontier forts, such as Fort Dearborn in Chicago.

Monuments at the massacre site in Shabbona County Park, the older monument is on the left.

On May 21 or 22, the people in Chicago, including those who had fled there, dispatched a company of militia scouts to ascertain the situation in the area between Chicago and Ottawa, along the Chicago to Ottawa trail. The detachment, under the command of Captain Jesse B. Brown, came upon the mangled remains of the 15 victims at Indian Creek on May 22. They buried the dead and continued to Ottawa where they reported their grisly discovery.[34] As a result, the Illinois militia used the event to draw more recruits from Illinois and Kentucky.[33]

After the war, three men were charged with murders at Indian Creek and were issued warrants at the LaSalle County Courthouse for Keewasee, Toquame, and Comee. The charges were dropped when the Hall sisters could not identify the three men as part of the attacking party. In 1833, the Illinois General Assembly passed a law granting each of the Hall sisters 80 acres (320,000 m²) of land along the Illinois and Michigan Canal as compensation and recognition for the hardships they had endured.[35]

In 1877, William Munson, who had married Rachel Hall, erected a monument where the victims of the massacre were interred.[36] The monument, located 14 miles (23 km) north of Ottawa, Illinois, cost $700.[36] In 1902, the area was designated as Shabbona Park, and $5,000 was appropriated by the Illinois legislature for the erection and maintenance of a new monument.[36] On August 29, 1906, a 16-foot granite monument was dedicated in a ceremony attended by four thousand people.[36] Shabbona County Park, not to be confused with Shabbona Lake State Park in DeKalb County, is located in northern LaSalle County, west of Illinois Route 23.[37]

• List of multiple homicides in Illinois

• Barton, Albert O. (June 1933). "Echoes of the Black Hawk War". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 16 (4): 404–411. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
• Clifton, James A. The Prairie People: Continuity and Change in Potawatomi Indian Culture 1665–1965. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977. ISBN 0-7006-0155-4.
• Edmunds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. ISBN 0-8061-1478-9.
• Hall, John W. Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War. Harvard University Press, 2009. ISBN 0-674-03518-6.
• Jung, Patrick J. The Black Hawk War of 1832. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8061-3811-4.
• Nichols, Roger L. Black Hawk and the Warrior's Path. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1992. ISBN 0-88295-884-4.
• Scanlan, Charles Martin. Indian Creek Massacre and Captivity of Hall Girls. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: REIC Publishing, 1915.
• Stevens, Frank E. The Black Hawk War: Including a Review of Black Hawk's Life. Chicago, 1903.
• Trask, Kerry A. Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006. ISBN 0-8050-7758-8.