Irish American journalism

Irish American journalism includes newspapers, magazines, and the newer media, with coverage of the reporters, editors, commentators, producers and other key personnel.

Beginnings

The first Catholic newspaper in the United States was The United States Catholic Miscellany of Charleston, South Carolina. It was founded in 1822 by Bishop John England (1786–1842), who had experience as an editor in Ireland. It was renamed Charleston Catholic Miscellany when South Carolina seceded; it ceased publication in 1861 during the Civil War.[1]

Civil War

John Mitchel (1815–1875), a Protestant fighter for Irish independence who had been imprisoned by the British, escaped, came to the U.S. and became the editor of a leading Confederate newspaper in Richmond during the Civil War.

James McMaster, editor of Freeman's Journal in New York, was a cautious moderate Democrat before the Civil War started. Once the shooting began, he turned strongly against the Lincoln administration, and became an angry leader of the antiwar Copperhead movement.[2]

Boston
Main article: The Pilot (Massachusetts newspaper)

John Boyle O'Reilly, (1844–1890) was the editor of Boston Pilot.[3][4][5] Other editors included Thomas D'Arcy McGee (1825–1868) and James Jeffrey Roche (1847–1908). Roche joined the staff in 1866, and in 1890 became editor and the leading spokesman for Catholic intellectuals in New England. He was an active liberal Democrat who gave support to labor unions. His Pilot was one of the few newspapers to support William Jennings Bryan in 1896 and 1900.[6]

As the political and intellectual center of Irish America, Boston produced numerous journalists for the secular press, especially the tabloids that attracted an Irish readership. By the 1890s the city's major newspaper, the Boston Globe had become a stronghold, with an editorial staff dominated by Irish Catholics.[7]

New York and Brooklyn
Main articles: Gaelic American, New York Freeman, and The Tablet (Diocese of Brooklyn)

Patrick Ford, (1837–1913) founded the Irish World in New York.; Austin E. Ford (1857–1896) was editor of the New York Freeman; John Devoy (1842–1928) was editor of the Gaelic American 1903–1928.

James McMaster (1820–1886), was editor of Freeman's Journal. The son of a Scots-Irish Presbyterian minister, he converted to Catholicism in 1845 and became a journalist. In 1848 he purchased the Freeman's Journal and Catholic Register. He edited it until his death, giving it a national audience and influence. He quarreled endlessly with other Catholic leaders. As an anti-war Copperhead he was most famous for his arrest in 1861 on treason charges, as his newspaper was suppressed by the federal government for supporting the Confederacy. He was briefly in prison, but allowed to resume publication in 1862.[8][9] He was a strong supporter of parochial schools and the papacy.[10]

Pat Scanlan (1894–1983) was the managing editor (1917–1968) of the Brooklyn Tablet, the official paper of the Brooklyn diocese. He was a leader in the fight against the Ku Klux Klan, and in favor of the work of the National Legion of Decency in minimizing sexuality in Hollywood films.[11] Historian Richard Powers says Scanlan emerged in the 1920s:

as the leading spokesman for an especially pugnacious brand of militant Catholic anti-communism, that of Irish-Americans who, after suffering from 100 years of anti-Catholic prejudice in America, reacted to any criticism of the Church as a bigoted attack on their own hard-won status in American society... He combined a vivid writing style filled with Menckenesque invective, with an unbridled love of controversy. Under Scanlan, the Tablet became the national voice of Irish Catholic anti-communism – and a thorn in the side of New York's Protestants and Jews.[12]

Chicago

James W. Sheahan made the Chicago Times the voice of the Democratic Party in Chicago. It was funded by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who needed a press after the main Chicago papers deserted him in 1854. Sheahan sold the paper after Douglas died in 1861.[13]

Joseph Medill (1823–1899), born to a Scots-Irish family in Canada, was the co-owner and managing editor of the Chicago Tribune. A Republican politician, he was elected Mayor of Chicago after the great fire of 1871, which destroyed the entire business district, including the Tribune building.[14]

Margaret Buchanan Sullivan (1847–1903), working for the Democratic newspaper, Chicago Times, was Chicago's best-known reporter in the 1870s and 1880s. She was an activist for woman suffrage and for Irish nationalism, as well as an articulate opponent of anti-Catholicism.[15][16]

James Keeley (1867–1934), a poor Irish Catholic boy in London, emigrated alone in 1883, and worked in numerous newspapers. He was the powerful managing editor of the Chicago Tribune from 1898 to 1914. From 1911 he simultaneously served as founding dean of the school of journalism at the University of Notre Dame, in South Bend, Indiana.[17][18]

Diocesan newspapers

Practically all dioceses distribute weekly newspapers; Irish editors are common.[19] Founded in 1912 by Father John F. Noll, the weekly newspaper Our Sunday Visitor is widely distributed at many parishes as a supplement or in coordination with the local paper., It soon became the most popular Catholic newsweekly. It publishes numerous books and the annual Catholic Almanac.[20] The oldest is the Pittsburgh Catholic, in published continuously since 1844. In Boston the Pilot was purchased by the archdiocese in 1905 and became its official outlet.

The weekly Brooklyn Tablet became the official newspaper of the diocese of Brooklyn in 1908. Now an archdiocese, Brooklyn has always been independent of the archdiocese of New York.[21]

Magazines

America
Main article: America (Jesuit magazine)

America is a national weekly magazine published by the Jesuits since 1909. It features news and opinion about Catholicism, and how it relates to American politics and cultural life. Under editor Thomas J. Reese from 1998 to 2005, the magazine published articles and opinion pieces taking positions contrary to official Catholic social teaching on matters such as homosexuality, clerical celibacy, HIV/AIDS, and the roles of women. Reese was forced to resign in May 2005 under orders from conservative theologian Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger—the later Pope Benedict XVI—whose Vatican agency had been monitoring America for years.[22]

Catholic World
Main article: Catholic World

Commonweal
Main article: Commonweal (magazine)

20th century

William F. Buckley, Jr.
Main article: William F. Buckley, Jr.

Shortly after graduating Yale, the young Bill Buckley in 1955 founded the political magazine National Review. It not only provided weekly intellectual substance for the Conservatism in the United States, it defined the standards and central issues of a major political movement that finally triumphed in the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. Besides Numerous novels, Buckley wrote essays and columns that were widely distributed and hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show Firing Line (1966–1999) where he became known for his transatlantic accent and sesquipedalian vocabulary.[23] Historian George H. Nash said Buckley was "arguably the most important public intellectual in the United States in the past half century... For an entire generation, he was the preeminent voice of American conservatism and its first great ecumenical figure."[24][25]

Charles Coughlin
Main article: Charles Coughlin

Charles Coughlin was a highly controversial Roman Catholic priest based near Detroit. He Started broadcasting has sermons to a national audience, turning increasingly to political topics. He was the first political commentator to use radio to reach a mass audience, as up to thirty million listeners tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s. Originally a liberal supporter of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, by 1934 he became a harsh critic of Roosevelt as too friendly to bankers. In 1934 he announced a new political organization called the National Union for Social Justice. He wrote a platform calling for monetary reforms, the nationalization of major industries and railroads, and protection of the rights of labor. The membership ran into the millions, but it was not well-organized at the local level. By the late 1930s, Coughlin's program, while still quite popular, focused increasingly on evil bankers and Jews. In 1939 the Roosevelt administration finally forced the cancellation of his radio program and forbade the dissemination through the mail of his newspaper, Social Justice.[26]

Talk radio
Mary Margaret McBride (right) interviews First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

One of the first and most popular of the radio talk show hosts from the 1934 to 1950 was Mary Margaret McBride (1899–1976). From an early career in newspaper and magazine writing she moved to WOR radio in New York in 1934. Her daily woman's-advice show presented a kind and witty grandmother figure with a Missouri-drawl. In 1937, she launched on the national CBS radio network a similar and highly successful show. As Mary Margaret McBride, she interviewed figures well known in the world of arts, entertainment, and politics for 45 minutes, using a style recognized as original to herself. In the 1940s the daily audience for her housewife-oriented program numbered from six to eight million listeners.[27]

21st century

Talk show hosts
Main articles: The Howie Carr Show, Phil Donahue, and Chris Matthews

Ed Sullivan[28] was one of the most prominent television personalities of the 1950s and 1960s.[29]

Chris Matthews[30] is best known for his nightly hour-long talk show, Hardball with Chris Matthews, which is televised on the cable television channel MSNBC.

See also

Topics

Publications

Personalities

Notes
  1. Patrick Carey, An Immigrant Bishop: John England's Adaptation of Irish Catholicism to American Republicanism (U.S. Catholic Historical Society, 1982)
  2. Kenneth J. Zanca, "The Lion Who Did Not Roar... Yet: The Editorials of James A. McMaster--May 1860 to May 1861." American Catholic Studies (2011) 122#3 pp 1-29.
  3. Francis R. Walsh, "John Boyle O'Reilly, the Boston Pilot, and Irish-American Assimilation, 1870–1890," in Jack Tager and John W. Ifkovic, eds. Massachusetts in the Gilded Age (University of Massachusetts Press, 1985). Pp 148-63 online
  4. Francis G. McManamin, The American Years of John Boyle O'Reilly 1870–1890 (Kessinger, 2006.)
  5. Anthony G. Evans, Fanatic Heart: A Life of John Boyle O'Reilly, 1844–1890 (Northeastern University Press, 1997)
  6. Arthur Mann, Yankee reformers in the urban age: social reform in Boston, 1880–1900 (1954) pp 24-51
  7. Paula M. Kane (2001). Separatism and Subculture: Boston Catholicism, 1900-1920. University of North Carolina Press. p. 288. ISBN 9780807853641.
  8. Kenneth J. Zanca, "The Lion Who Did Not Roar... Yet: The Editorials of James A. McMaster-May 1860 to May 1861." American Catholic Studies 122#3 (2011): 1-29.
  9. Kenneth J. Zanca, American Catholics and Slavery: 1789–1866. An Anthology of Primary Documents (1996)
  10. Thomas T. McAvoy, "Public Schools vs. Catholic Schools and James McMaster." The Review of Politics 28.#1 (1966): 19-46. in JSTOR
  11. Delaney, Dictionary of American Catholic Biography (1984) p 511
  12. Richard Gid Powers (1998). Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism. Yale UP. pp. 55–57. ISBN 0300074700.
  13. Patricia B. Swan and James B. Swan. "James W. Sheahan: Stephen A. Douglas Supporter and Partisan Chicago Journalist." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (2012) 105#2-3 pp 133-166 in JSTOR
  14. John William Tebbel, An American dynasty: the story of the McCormicks, Medills, and Pattersons (Greenwood, 1968)
  15. Janice Reiff, ed., "Irish" in Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004) p 423
  16. Kathleen Sprows Cummings (2009). New Women of the Old Faith: Gender and American Catholicism in the Progressive Era. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 17–26. ISBN 9780807889848.
  17. Editor and Publisher. Jan 13 1913. 1913. p. 19.
  18. See (17 May 1914). Sold Newspapers As A Lad; Now He Boys A Couple, New York Tribune
  19. See U.S. Diocesan Newspapers
  20. see Founding of the Our Sunday Visitor
  21. Patrick McNamara... "A Study of the Editorial Policy of the Brooklyn Tablet Under Patrick F. Scanlan, 1917–1968" (M.A. Thesis, St. John's University, 1994).
  22. Tom Roberts and John L. Allen, Jr., "Editor of Jesuits' America magazine forced to resign under Vatican pressure;, National Catholic Reporter, May 6, 2005]
  23. Charles R. Kesler and John B. Kienker (2012). Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: Ten Years of the Claremont Review of Books. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 86. ISBN 9781442213357.
  24. Nash, George H. (February 28, 2008). "Simply Superlative: Words for Buckley". National Review Online. Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  25. John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (1990).
  26. Donald Warren, Radio Priest: Charles Coughlin The Father of Hate Radio (1996).
  27. Susan Ware. It's One O'Clock and Here Is Mary Margaret McBride: A Radio Biography (New York University Press, 2005). xii + 304 pp. online review Her father was Irish, p. 111.
  28. "SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Don Freeman -- Wit and the charm of life can be seen in those smiling Irish eyes – "Ed Sullivan, whose heritage was Irish..."". signonsandiego.com. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  29. Jerry G. Bowles, A Thousand Sundays: The Story of the Ed Sullivan Show (1980).
  30. "Echo Profile: Host with a punch — Irish Echo". irishecho.com. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  31. "The Gospel According to Jimmy Breslin". southerncrossreview.org. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  32. "The Redhead and the Gray Lady - How Maureen Dowd Became America's Most Dangerous Columnist". Archived from the original on 2006-03-26. Retrieved 2006-06-07. "...her Irish sensibilities"
  33. "Sean Hannity - Generation Progress – "Hannity, a proclaimed devout Irish Catholic"". genprogress.org. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  34. "NYC/irish_heritage_and_culture_committee_of_bronx". saintpatricksdayparade.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  35. "Holiday Dinner - Norah O'Donnell | PMI Washington DC – "O'Donnell has also been named to Irish American Magazine's 2000 "Top 100 Irish Americans" list."". pmiwdc.org. Retrieved 2015-10-12.

Further reading
  • Baumgartner, Apollinaris W. Catholic Journalism: A study of its development in the United States, 1789–1930 (Columbia University Press, 1931); brief summaries
  • Byrne, James Patrick, Philip Coleman, and Jason Francis King, eds. Ireland and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia (3 vol. ABC-CLIO, 2008)
  • George Jr, Joseph. "'A Catholic Family Newspaper' Views the Lincoln Administration: John Mullaly's Copperhead Weekly." Civil War History 24.2 (1978): 112-132.
  • George, Joseph. "Philadelphia's Catholic Herald: The Civil War Years." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (1979): 196-221. online
  • Glazier, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (University of Notre Dame Press, 1999)
  • Hueston Robert Francis. The Catholic Press and Nativism 1840–1869 (New York: Arno Press, 1976; also ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1972. #7226807)
  • Joyce William Leonard. Editors and Ethnicity: A History of the Irish-American Press 1848–1883 (New York: Arno Press, 1976; also ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1974. #7500727.)
  • McMahon, Eileen. "The Irish-American Press." in Sally M. Miller, ed., The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analysis and Handbook (1987) pp: 177-189. online
  • Reilly, Mary Lonan. A history of the Catholic Press Association, 1911–1968 (Scarecrow Press, 1971)
  • Rhodes, Leara. The ethnic press: shaping the American dream (Peter Lang, 2010)
  • Rodechko, James Paul. Patrick Ford and His Search for America: A Case Study of Irish-American Journalism, 1870–1913 (1979)
  • Swan, Patricia B. and James B. Swan. "James W. Sheahan: Stephen A. Douglas Supporter and Partisan Chicago Journalist." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (2012) 105#2-3 pp 133–166 in JSTOR
  • Walsh, Francis R. "The Boston 'Pilot' Reports the Civil War," Historical Journal of Massachusetts (1981) 9#2 pp 5–16.
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