Iron superoxide dismutase
Iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) is a metalloenzyme that belongs to the superoxide dismutases family of enzymes. Like other superoxide dismutases, it catalyses the dismutation of superoxides into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Found primarily in prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli and present in all strict anaerobes,[1] examples of FeSOD have also been isolated from eukaryotes, such as Vigna unguiculata.[2]
| Iron superoxide dismutase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Iron superoxide dismutase, with the active site in the inset. | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 1.15.1.1 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9054-89-1 | ||||||||
| Alt. names | FeSOD | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Found within the cytosol, mitochondria, and chloroplasts,[3] FeSOD's ability to disproportionate superoxides provides cells with protection against oxidative stress and other processes that produce superoxides such as photosynthesis. It is important for organisms to disproportionate superoxides, as superoxides themselves are not particularly harmful but have the potential to turn into a hydroxyl radical, which is unable to be eliminated in an enzymatic reaction.[2]
History
FeSOD was first isolated from E. coli by Yost et al. in 1973 and was the third discovery in the family of bacterial superoxide dismutases, with copper-zinc superoxide dismutase being discovered in 1969 and FeSOD's structural equivalent, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), being discovered in 1970.[3] The fourth, nickel superoxide dismutase, was first isolated in 1996.[4]
Along with being one of the oldest enzymes known, FeSOD is the oldest known superoxide dismutase due to the high bioavailability of iron during the Archean eon.[5] FeSOD first appeared in photoferrotrophic bacteria, then later in cyanobacteria as the Great Oxidation Event locked up much of the free iron in iron oxides and increased the need for cyanobacteria to have reactive oxygen species defences.[6]
Structure
FeSOD is a structural homolog of MnSOD,[7] although there are minor differences in eukaryotic FeSOD, such as a loop connecting the β1 and β2 strands within the enzyme.[8] FeSOD can also exist in homodimeric or homotetrameric forms, depending on the organism.[3]
Mechanism
Like its structural homolog MnSOD, FeSOD disproportionates superoxide via the transport of a single electron by the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple. There are two separate reactions by which FeSOD can process superoxide:[3]
- Fe3+-SOD + O−
2 → Fe2+-SOD + O2 - Fe2+-SOD + O−
2 + 2H+ →Fe3+-SOD + H2O2
In order for the superoxide to be disproportionated, however, it must first be protonated. The delivery of the proton is believed to be an H2O ligand, the transport of which is mediated by a local glutamine from ambient water within the cell.[3]
References
- Morris JG, Hewitt J (15 February 1975). "Superoxide dismutase in some obligately anaerobic bacteria". FEBS Letters. 50 (3): 315–318. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(75)90058-7. PMID 163764.
- Muñoz IG, Moran JF, Becana M, et al. (23 May 2003). "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) from Vigna unguiculata". Acta Crystallographica Section D: Structural Biology. 59 (6): 1070–1072. doi:10.1107/s0907444903006966. hdl:10261/99334. PMID 12777777.
- Sheng YW, Abreu IA, Cabelli DE, et al. (1 April 2014). "Superoxide Dismutases and Superoxide Reductases". Chemical Reviews. 114 (7): 3854–3918. doi:10.1021/cr4005296. PMC 4317059. PMID 24684599.
- Zamble, Deborah B.; Li, Yanjie (2009). "Nickel Homeostasis and Nickel Regulation: an Overview". Chemical Reviews. 109 (10): 4617–4643. doi:10.1021/cr900010n. PMID 19711977.
- Case AJ (30 October 2017). "On the Origin of Superoxide Dismutase: An Evolutionary Perspective of Superoxide-Mediated Redox Signaling". Antioxidants. 6 (4): 82. doi:10.3390/antiox6040082. PMC 5745492. PMID 29084153.
- Boden JS, Konhauser KO, Robbins LJ, et al. (6 August 2021). "Timing the evolution of antioxidant enzymes in cyanobacteria". Nature Communications. 12 (4742): 4742. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4742B. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24396-y. PMC 8346466. PMID 34362891.
- Sheng YW, Stich TA, Barnese K, et al. (30 November 2011). "A Comparison of Two Yeast MnSODs: Mitochondrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae versus Cytosolic Candida albicans". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (51): 20878–20889. doi:10.1021/ja2077476. PMC 3268005. PMID 22077216.
- Muñoz IG, Moran JF, Becana M, et al. (February 2005). "The crystal structure of an eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutase suggests intersubunit cooperation during catalysis". Protein Science. 14 (2): 387–394. doi:10.1110/ps.04979505. PMC 2253407. PMID 15659371.