Ironomycin

Ironomycin is a derivative of salinomycin and potent small molecule against persister cancer stem cells, that is under preclinical evaluation by SideROS for the treatment of cancer.[1] Ironomycin was shown to induce ferroptosis in breast cancer cell lines and its mechanism of action involves the targeting of lysosomal iron.[2]

Ironomycin
Names
IUPAC name
(2R)-2-[(2R,5S,6R)-6-{(2S,3S,4S,6R)-6-[(2S,5S,7R,9S,10S,12R,15R)-2-[(2R,5R,6S)-5-Ethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-2,10,12-trimethyl-15-(2-propyn-1-ylamino)-1,6,8-trioxadispiro[4.1.5.3 ]pentadec-13-en-9-yl]-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-octanyl}-5-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]butanoic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
  • InChI=1S/C45H73NO10/c1-12-24-46-35-18-21-44(56-45(35)23-22-42(11,55-45)36-19-20-43(51,15-4)31(10)52-36)28(7)25-27(6)40(54-44)33(14-3)38(48)29(8)37(47)30(9)39-26(5)16-17-34(53-39)32(13-2)41(49)50/h1,18,21,26-37,39-40,46-47,51H,13-17,19-20,22-25H2,2-11H3,(H,49,50)/t26-,27-,28+,29-,30-,31-,32+,33-,34+,35+,36+,37+,39+,40-,42-,43+,44-,45-/m0/s1
    Key: CPVCFIJOMZZLDG-LIAGKXCRSA-N
  • CC[C@H]([C@H]1CC[C@H](C)[C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](C)C([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](C)C[C@H]2C)O[C@@]2(C=C[C@H]3NCC#C)O[C@]43CC[C@@](C)([C@H]5CC[C@](O)(CC)[C@H](C)O5)O4)CC)=O)C)O1)C(O)=O
Properties
C45H73NO10
Molar mass 788.076 g·mol−1
Pharmacology
QP51AH01 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Pre-clinical research

Ironomycin kills breast cancer stem cells in mice, and is more potent in vitro and in vivo than its parent anti-bacterial natural product salinomycin. Ironomycin and to a lesser extend salinomycin targeted cancer stem cells responsible for metastasis and relapse.[3]

The mechanism of action by which ironomycin and salinomycin kill cancer stem cells involves lysosomal iron sequestration, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species, lysosome membrane permeabilization and ferroptosis in breast cancer.[3][4] While mesenchymal breast cancer cells are vulnerable to ferroptosis, ironomycin and salinomycin can trigger cell death independently of ferroptosis in other cancer cell types.

These candidate drugs abolished the capacity of HMLER CD24low to form colonies at low concentrations and ironomycin prevented these cells from developing tumorsphere in suspension, a well-established characteristic of cancer stem cells, at a low dose (ie. 30 nM).  This effect on cancer stem cells have been shown in vivo where ironomycin decreased tumour-seeding capacity of tumour cells (breast PDX), more efficiently that salinomycin and Docetaxel. CD44 mediating iron endocytosis prevails in the mesenchymal state of cancer cells, and iron operates as a metal catalyst to demethylate repressive histone (H3K9) that govern the expression of mesenchymal genes.[5]

The ability of ironomycin to kill both cancer stem cells and drug-resistant cancer cells (persister) may provide a therapeutic advantage in treating cancer.[6] Ironomycin is the preclinical development pipeline of the biotech company SideROS for the treatment of drug resistance cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia, triple negative breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and non-hodgkin lymphoma.

Synthesis

A team from ICSN has developed the chemical synthesis of salinomycin analogs, including ironomycin, which are more potent than salinomycin. Ironomycin is synthesized in two steps from salinomycin sodium salt: (1) a chemoselective allylic oxidation and (2) a chemo- and diastereoselective reductive amination at C20 leading to the alkyne derivative ironomycin.

See also
  • Salinomycin which is the sourcing material of ironomycin synthesis, is much less potent in vitro against persister cancer cells
  • Targeted therapy

References
  1. "Ironomycin Mechanism of Action". SideROS.
  2. Su Y, Zhao B, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Shen Y, Lv H, AlQudsy LH, Shang P (July 2020). "Ferroptosis, a novel pharmacological mechanism of anti-cancer drugs". Cancer Letters. 483: 127–136. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.015. PMID 32067993. S2CID 211159035.
  3. Mai TT, Hamaï A, Hienzsch A, Cañeque T, Müller S, Wicinski J, et al. (October 2017). "Salinomycin kills cancer stem cells by sequestering iron in lysosomes". Nature Chemistry. 9 (10): 1025–1033. Bibcode:2017NatCh...9.1025M. doi:10.1038/nchem.2778. PMC 5890907. PMID 28937680.
  4. Versini A, Colombeau L, Hienzsch A, Gaillet C, Retailleau P, Debieu S, et al. (June 2020). "Salinomycin Derivatives Kill Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Lysosomal Iron Targeting". Chemistry: A European Journal. 26 (33): 7416–7424. doi:10.1002/chem.202000335. PMID 32083773. S2CID 211231337.
  5. Müller S, Sindikubwabo F, Cañeque T, Lafon A, Versini A, Lombard B, et al. (October 2020). "CD44 regulates epigenetic plasticity by mediating iron endocytosis". Nature Chemistry. 12 (10): 929–938. Bibcode:2020NatCh..12..929M. doi:10.1038/s41557-020-0513-5. PMC 7612580. PMID 32747755. S2CID 220949068.
  6. Hamaï A, Cañeque T, Müller S, Mai TT, Hienzsch A, Ginestier C, et al. (August 2017). "An iron hand over cancer stem cells". Autophagy. 13 (8): 1465–1466. doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1327104. PMC 5584845. PMID 28613094.
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