Supreme Court of Israel

The Supreme Court of Israel with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and then-President Reuven Rivlin, 2015

Supreme Court Judges are appointed by the President of Israel, from names submitted by the Judicial Selection Committee, which is composed of nine members: three Supreme Court Judges (including the President of the Supreme Court), two cabinet ministers (one of them being the Minister of Justice), two Knesset members, and two representatives of the Israel Bar Association. Appointing Supreme Court Judges requires a majority of 7 of the 9 committee members, or two less than the number present at the meeting.

All candidates for appointment to the Supreme Court must have a minimum of five years of experience as a district court judge or otherwise at least ten years of professional legal experience including a minimum of five years practicing law in Israel. These requirements may be waived for a person recognized as an "eminent jurist", although this special category has only been used once for an appointment.[3]

The three organs of state—the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government—as well as the bar association are represented in the Judges' Nominations Committee. Thus, the shaping of the judicial body, through the manner of judicial appointment, is carried out by all the authorities together.

Supreme Court Judges cannot be removed from office except by a decision of the Court of Discipline, consisting of judges appointed by the President of the Supreme Court, or upon a decision of the Judicial Selection Committee—at the proposal of the Minister of Justice or the President of the Supreme Court—with the agreement of seven of its nine members.[4]

The following are qualified to be appointed Judge of the Supreme Court: a person who has held office as a judge of a District Court for a period of five years, or a person who is inscribed, or entitled to be inscribed, in the roll of advocates, and has for not less than ten years –continuously or intermittently, and of which five years at least in Israel – been engaged in the profession of an advocate, served in a judicial capacity or other legal function in the service of the State of Israel or other service as designated in regulations in this regard, or has taught law at a university or a higher school of learning as designated in regulations in this regard. An "eminent jurist" can also be appointed to the Supreme Court.

The number of Supreme Court Judges is determined by a resolution of the Knesset. Currently, there are 15 Supreme Court Judges.

At the head of the Supreme Court and at the head of the judicial system as a whole is the President of the Supreme Court, and the Deputy President. A judge serves until reaching 70 years of age, or the judge resigns, dies, is appointed to a position which is disqualifying from continued service as a judge, or is removed from office.

Current judges

As of October 2023, the Supreme Court judges are:

Position	Judge			Nominated by	Appointed by	Start date	Tenure as president	Expected retirement
Acting/Deputy President of the Supreme Court		Uzi Vogelman	עוזי פוגלמן (1954, Israel)	Yaakov Neeman	Shimon Peres	14 October 2009	–	6 October 2024
Supreme Court Judge		Yitzhak Amit	יצחק עמית (1958, Israel)	Yaakov Neeman	Shimon Peres	14 October 2009	–	20 October 2028
Supreme Court Judge		Noam Sohlberg	נעם סולברג (1962, Israel)	Yaakov Neeman	Shimon Peres	21 February 2012	–	22 January 2032
Supreme Court Judge		Daphne Barak-Erez	דפנה ברק-ארז (1965, United States)	Yaakov Neeman	Shimon Peres	31 May 2012	–	2 January 2035
Supreme Court Judge		David Mintz	דוד מינץ (1959, UK)	Ayelet Shaked	Reuven Rivlin	13 June 2017	N/A	8 May 2029
Supreme Court Judge		Yosef Elron	יוסף אלרון (1955, Israel)	Ayelet Shaked	Reuven Rivlin	30 October 2017	N/A	20 September 2025
Supreme Court Judge		Yael Willner	יעל וילנר (1959, Israel)	Ayelet Shaked	Reuven Rivlin	30 October 2017	N/A	22 September 2029
Supreme Court Judge		Ofer Grosskopf	עופר גרוסקופף (1969, Israel)	Ayelet Shaked	Reuven Rivlin	27 March 2018	–	12 October 2039
Supreme Court Judge		Alex Stein	אלכס שטיין (1957, USSR, now Moldova)	Ayelet Shaked	Reuven Rivlin	9 August 2018	N/A	27 October 2027
Supreme Court Judge		Gila Canfy-Steinitz	גילה כנפי-שטייניץ (1958, Israel)	Gideon Sa'ar	Isaac Herzog	6 March 2022	N/A	2028
Supreme Court Judge		Khaled Kabub	ח'אלד כבוב (1958, Israel)	Gideon Sa'ar	Isaac Herzog	9 May 2022	N/A	3 March 2028
Supreme Court Judge		Ruth Ronnen	רות רונן (1962, Israel)	Gideon Sa'ar	Isaac Herzog	9 June 2022	N/A	2032
Supreme Court Judge		Yechiel Kasher	יחיאל כשר (1961, Israel)	Gideon Sa'ar	Isaac Herzog	9 June 2022	N/A	9 June 2031
Supreme Court Judge	–	seat vacant	–	–	–	–	–	–

Keren Azulay and Lior Mishaly Shlomai serve as the Court Magistrate Judges (or "Registrars").[5]

The Supreme Court, both as an appellate court and the High Court of Justice, is normally constituted of a panel of three Judges. A single Supreme Court Judge may rule on interim orders, temporary orders or petitions for an order nisi, and on appeals on interim rulings of District Courts, or on judgments given by a single District Court judge on appeal, and on a judgment or decision of the Magistrates’ Courts.

The Supreme Court sits as a panel of five Judges or more in a rehearing on a matter in which the Supreme Court sat with a panel of three Judges. The Supreme Court may sit as a panel of a larger uneven number of Judges than three in matters that involve fundamental legal questions and constitutional issues of particular importance.

In a case on which the President of the Supreme Court sits, the President is the Presiding Judge; in a case on which the Deputy President sits and the President does not sit, the Deputy President is the Presiding Judge; in any other case, the Judge with the greatest length of service is the Presiding Judge. The length of service, for this purpose, is calculated from the date of the appointment of the Judge to the Supreme Court.

A special power, unique to the Supreme Court, is the power to order a "retrial" on a criminal matter in which the defendant has been convicted by a final judgment. A ruling to hold a retrial may be made where the Court finds that evidence provided in the case was based upon lies or was forged; where new facts or evidence are discovered that are likely to alter the decision in the case in favor of the accused; where another has meanwhile been convicted of carrying out the same offense and it appears from the circumstances revealed in the trial of that other person that the original party convicted of the offense did not commit it; or, where there is a real concern for miscarriage of justice in the conviction. In practice, a ruling to hold a retrial is very rarely made.

The Court announces its judgments through individually signed opinions setting out the result and underlying reasoning. In general, there is a lead opinion for the majority, but there is no "opinion of the Court" as such. Each participating Judge will either note that she or he concurs in the lead opinion (and possibly another opinion as well) or write a separate concurrence. It is not unusual for most or all of the participating Judges to write separately, even when they agree as to the outcome.

The Court's opinions are available in Hebrew on its own website and from Nevo. A relatively small subset has been translated into English. These are available in a searchable online database at Versa. They can also be found on the Court's own site and have been published in hard copy in annual volumes by William S. Hein & Co. as the Israel Law Reports. In addition, the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in cooperation with the Court, has published three volumes of English translations of selected decisions entitled Judgments of the Israel Supreme Court: Fighting Terrorism within the Law. These are part of the Versa database and also can be found online at the MFA's website.

In the 1980s and the 1990s, the Supreme Court established its role as a protector of human rights, intervening to secure freedom of speech and freedom to demonstrate, reduce military censorship, limit the use of certain military methods[8] and promote equality between various sectors of the population.[9] However critics question the role of the court in protecting the human rights of Palestinians in Judea and Samaria and point to double standards in their application.[10]

According to a 2017 poll by non-profit organization Israel Democracy Institute, the Supreme Court is the only State institution that the majority of both Jewish (57%) and Arab (54%) Israelis have trust in,[11] marking a slight increase from their 2016 poll.[12]

The Institute's 2017 poll on the statement "[t]he power of judicial review over Knesset legislation should be taken away from the Supreme Court" found that 58% of Israelis disagree, 36% agree, and 6% do not know.[13]

Trust in the court has since dropped dramatically, with a 2022 poll shows trust in the court dropping to just 41% among Jews,[14] and opposition to an "overide clause", allowing the Knesset to nulify supreme court decisions with a 61 vote majority, dropping to just 48%.[15]

The 2023 Israeli judicial reform is a proposed series of changes to the judicial system and the balance of powers in Israel put forward by the current Israeli government, and spearheaded by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice Yariv Levin and the Chair of the Knesset's Constitution, Law and Justice Committee, Simcha Rothman. It seeks to curb the judiciary's influence over lawmaking and public policy by limiting the Supreme Court's power to exercise judicial review, granting the government control over judicial appointments and limiting the authority of government legal advisors. If adopted, the reform would grant the Knesset the power to override Supreme Court rulings by a majority of 61 or more votes, diminish the ability of the court to conduct judicial review of legislation and of administrative action, prohibit the court from ruling on the constitutionality of basic laws, and change the makeup of the Judicial Selection Committee so that a majority of its members are appointed by the government. The legislation is currently being considered by the Knesset and the relevant committees.

An aerial photo of the Supreme Court building covered in snow

Mosaic pavement recovered from the ancient Hamat Gader synagogue

The building was donated to Israel by the Jewish philanthropist Dorothy de Rothschild.[16] Outside the President's Chamber has displayed the letter Ms. Rothschild wrote to Prime Minister Shimon Peres expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.[17]

It was designed by Ram Karmi and Ada Karmi-Melamede and opened in 1992.[18] According to the critic Ran Shechori, the building is a "serious attempt to come to grips with the local building tradition". He writes that,

It makes rich and wide-ranging references to the whole lexicon of Eretz-Israel building over the centuries, starting with Herodian structures, through the Hellenistic tomb of Absalom, the Crusaders, Greek Orthodox monasteries, and up to the British Mandate period. This outpouring is organized in a complex, almost baroque structure, built out of contrasts light-shade, narrow-wide, open-closed, stone-plaster, straight-round, and a profusion of existential experiences.[19]

Paul Goldberger of The New York Times calls it "Israel's finest public building," achieving "a remarkable and exhilarating balance between the concerns of daily life and the symbolism of the ages." He notes the complexity of the design with its interrelated geometric patterns:

There is no clear front door and no simple pattern to the organization. The building cannot be described solely as long, or solely as rounded or as being arranged around a series of courtyards, though from certain angles, like the elephant described by the blind man, it could be thought to be any one of these. The structure, in fact, consists of three main sections: a square library wing within which is set a round courtyard containing a copper-clad pyramid, a rectangular administrative wing containing judges' chambers arrayed around a cloistered courtyard and a wing containing five courtrooms, all of which extend like fingers from a great main hall.[20]

The building is a blend of enclosed and open spaces; old and new; lines and circles.[18] Approaching the Supreme Court library, one enters the pyramid area, a large space that serves as a turning point before the entrance to the courtrooms. This serene space acts as the inner "gatehouse" of the Supreme Court building. The Pyramid was inspired by the Tomb of Zechariah and Tomb of Absalom in the Kidron Valley in Jerusalem.[18] Natural light enters round windows at the apex of the pyramid, forming circles of sunlight on the inside walls and on the floor.[21]

• Israeli Supreme Court opinions on the West Bank Barrier
• 2023 Israeli judicial reform

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israel supreme court.

• Supreme Court of Israel Official website
• Jewish Virtual Library: The Judicial Branch
• Harvard Law School guide to finding selected decisions and opinions translated to English.
• Versa (Cardozo Law School site devoted to the Israeli Supreme Court, including English translations of several hundred opinions)
• Israel 365 News "The Torah and Judicial Reform" January 29,2023

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