Journal Article Tag Suite

The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) is an XML format used to describe scientific literature published online. It is a technical standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and approved by the American National Standards Institute with the code Z39.96-2012.

"JATS" redirects here. For other uses, see Jat (disambiguation).

AbbreviationJATS
StatusPublished
First published31 March 2003 (2003-03-31)
Latest versionNISO JATS 1.2
8 February 2019 (2019-02-08)
Organization
Authors
Base standardsXML
Related standards
  • NISO Standards Tag Set (NISO-STS)
  • Book Interchange Tag Suite (BITS)
  • SciELO Publishing Schema (SPS)
Domain
Websitejats.nlm.nih.gov

The NISO project was a continuation of the work done by NLM/NCBI, and popularized by the NLM's PubMed Central as a de facto standard for archiving and interchange of scientific open-access journals and its contents with XML.

With the NISO standardization the NLM initiative has gained a wider reach, and several other repositories, such as SciELO and Redalyc, adopted the XML formatting for scientific articles.

The JATS provides a set of XML elements and attributes for describing the textual and graphical content of journal articles as well as some non-article material such as letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.[1] JATS allows for descriptions of the full article content or just the article header metadata; and allows other kinds of contents, including research and non-research articles, letters, editorials, and book and product reviews.

History

Since its introduction, NCBI's NLM Archiving and Interchange DTD suite has become the de facto standard for journal article markup in scholarly publishing.[2] With the introduction of NISO JATS, it has been elevated to a true standard.[3] Even without public data interchange, the advantages of NISO JATS adoption affords publishers in terms of streamlining production workflows and optimizing system interoperability.[4][5]

Timeline
NLM JATS
NLM JATS, version 1
  • March 31, 2003 (2003-03-31): NLM DTD v1.0 introduced.[6]
  • November 5, 2003 (2003-11-05): Version 1.1 update released.[6]
NLM JATS, version 2
  • December 30, 2004 (2004-12-30): Version 2.0 major update released. It is designed to support customization best-practices.[6]
  • November 14, 2005 (2005-11-14): Version 2.1 update released with the addition the Article Authoring DTD.[6][7]
  • June 8, 2006 (2006-06-08): Version 2.2 update released.[6]
  • March 28, 2007 (2007-03-28): Version 2.3 update released.[6]
NLM JATS, version 3
  • November 21, 2008 (2008-11-21): Version 3.0 major update released.[6][7]
NISO JATS
NISO JATS, version 1.0
  • March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) – September 30, 2011 (2011-09-30): First draft, NISO Z39.96.201x version 0.4 released; six-month comment period.[8]
  • July 15, 2012 (2012-07-15): NISO JATS, v1.0 received NISO approval.[9]
  • August 9, 2012 (2012-08-09): NISO JATS, v1.0 received ANSI approval.[9]
  • August 22, 2012 (2012-08-22): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite (version 1.0) published. It supports full backward-compatibility with NLM JATS v3.0.[6][9]
NISO JATS, version 1.1
  • December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d1 released.[10]
  • December 29, 2014 (2014-12-29): Second draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d2 released.[11]
  • April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14): Third draft, NISO JATS, v1.1d released.[12]
  • October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22): NISO JATS, v1.1 received NISO approval.[13]
  • November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19): NISO JATS, v1.1 received ANSI approval[13]
  • January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.1 published.[13]
NISO JATS, version 1.2
  • July 20, 2017 (2017-07-20): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.2d1 released.[14]
  • May 23, 2018 (2018-05-23): First draft, NISO JATS, v1.2d2 released.[15]
  • February 8, 2019 (2019-02-08): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2 published.[16]
NISO JATS, version 1.3
  • July 7, 2021 (2021-07-07): ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3 published.[17]

Technical scope

By design, this is a model for journal articles, such as the typical research article found in an STM journal, and not a model for complete journals.[18]

Tag sets
The 3 specifications. Due to their color-coded documentation, are colloquially referred to by color.

There are three tag sets:

Journal Archiving and Interchange (Green)
"The most permissive of the Tag Sets,"[19] primarily intended for the capture and archiving of extant journal data.
Journal Publishing (Blue)
"A moderately prescriptive Tag Set,"[19] intended for general use in journal production and publication.
Formally this model is a subset of the Archiving model. This is the most frequently used JATS variant.
Article Authoring (Orange)
"The most prescriptive [tightest and smallest] of the Tag Sets,"[19] intended for the relatively lightweight creation of journal articles valid to JATS.
Formally this model a subset of the Publishing model.

Document type definitions (also released in the form of RELAX NG and XML schema) define each set and incorporate other standards such as MathML and XHTML Tables (although not in the XHTML namespace).

Document structure

JATS Publishing set defines a document that is a top-level component of a journal such as an article, a book or product review, or a letter to the editor. Each such document is composed of front matter (required) and up to three optional parts.[18] These must appear in the following order:

Front matter
The article front matter contains the metadata for the article (also called article header information), for example, the article title, the journal in which it appears, the date and issue of publication for that issue of that journal, a copyright statement, etc. Both article-level and issue-level metadata (in the element <article-meta>) and journal-level metadata (in the element <journal-meta>) may be captured.
Body (of the article)
The body of the article is the main textual and graphic content of the article. This usually consists of paragraphs and sections, which may themselves contain figures, tables, sidebars (boxed text), etc. The body of the article is optional to accommodate those repositories that just keep article header information and do not tag the textual content.
Back matter
If present, the article back matter contains information that is ancillary to the main text, such as a glossary, appendix, or list of cited references.
Floating material
A publisher may choose to place all the floating objects in an article and its back matter (such as tables, figures, boxed text sidebars, etc.) into a separate container element outside the narrative flow for convenience of processing.[18]

Following the front, body, back, and floating material, there may be either one or more responses to the article or one or more subordinate articles.[18]

Example

This is the minimal article's structure,

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN"
         "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd"
>
<article dtd-version="1.0" article-type="article" specific-use="migrated"
 xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 
>
  <front>...</front>
  <body>...</body>
  <back>...</back>
</article>

The DOCTYPE header is optional, a legacy from SGML and DTD-oriented validators. The dtd-version attribute can be used even without a DTD header.

The root element article is common for any version of JATS or "JATS family", as NLM DTDs. The rules for front, body and back tags validation, depends on the JATS version, but all versions have similar structure, with good compatibility in a range of years. The evolution of the schema preserves an overall stability.

Less common, "only front", "only front and back" variations are also used for other finalities than full-content representation. The general article composition (as an DTD-content expression) is

   (front, body?, back?, floats-group?, (sub-article* | response*))

Tools

There are a variety of tools for create, edit, convert and transform JATS. They range from simple forms[20] to complete conversion automation:

Conversion to JATS

Take as input a scientific document, and, with some human support, produce a JATS output.

  • OpenOffice (LibreOffice) and MS Word documents to JATS:
    • Typeset: provides automated set of converters for MS-Word to JATS XML.
    • OxGarage:[21] can convert documents from various formats into "National Library of Medicine (NLM) DTD 3.0".
    • meTypeset: meTypeset[22] "is a fork of the OxGarage stack" "to convert from Microsoft Word .docx format to NLM/JATS-XML".
    • eXtyles:[23] automates time-consuming aspects of document editing in Microsoft Word and exports to JATS XML (as well as many other DTDs).
  • Markdown to JATS: Pandoc 2.0 can convert a number of input formats to JATS.[24]
  • PDF to JATS: this is a very difficult problem to solve. Success depends on how well structured your PDFs are and, for batch conversion, how consistently structured your PDFs are.
    • Shabash Merops[25]
    • Typeset's PDF to JATS XML Converter
    • The Public Knowledge Project[26] is developing a pipeline for converting PDF to JATS. It will include use of pdfx.[27]
    • CERMINE Content ExtRactor and MINEr [28]

Conversion from JATS

Take JATS as input, produce another kind of document as output.

  • from JATS to HTML
    • JATS Preview Stylesheets (canonical XSLT conversion), see classical (2013) conversor.[29]
    • eLife Lens[30] converts NLM XML to JSON for displaying using HTML and Javascript.
  • from JATS to PDF: some JATS Preview Stylesheets, XSLT + XSL-FO conversion.
  • from JATS to EPUB.[31]
  • Generic (from JATS DTD): DtdAnalyzer[32] — compare JATS with other DTDs and helps into create a XML representation, XSLT and Schematron generation, and other tools.

Editors
  • Typeset provides a WYSIWYM editor for scholarly articles. Supports XML exports in NISO JATS and NLM JATS standards. It is mostly used by Journals and Publishers looking to convert author submitted MS-Word files to XML, PDF, HTML and ePuB.[33]
  • JATS Framework for oXygen XML Editor: users of oXygen XML Editor and oXygen XML Author can now install support for current versions of NISO JATS (and as a bonus, NLM BITS). Based on an identifier given in a DOCTYPE declaration, oXygen will detect that you are editing a JATS document and provide stylesheets and utilities.[34]
  • FontoXML for JATS: WYSIWYS editor for editing and reviewing JATS content:[35]
  • PubRef "Pipeline": Browser-based realtime-preview JATS editor:[36]
  • Annotum:[37] a WordPress theme that contains WYSIWYG authoring in JATS (Kipling subset), peer-review and editorial management, and publishing.[38]
  • JATS edition for web-based XML editor Xeditor.
  • Texture Editor[39] of the Substance Consortium.[40] The first online "born to JATS" editor.[41]
  • Libero Editor, developed by eLife describes itself as 'A user-friendly editing interface designed for publishing staff and authors for the production of high-quality JATS XML.'

Preview

Tools that render JATS as HTML, usually on fly.

  • JATS Preview Stylesheets:[42] the JATS Preview Stylesheets are a series of .xsl, .xpl, .css, and .sch files that will create .html or .pdf versions of valid NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS 1.0 files. It is primarily intended for internal use by publishers and a basis for customization.[43]
  • Typeset - Allows to generate HTML from JATS XML within a click. Also, offers capacity to generate custom HTML based on the requirements of the journal.[44]
  • PubReader – "The PubReader view is an alternative web presentation ... Designed particularly for enhancing readability on tablet and other small screen devices, PubReader can also be used on desktops and laptops and from multiple web browsers".[45]

Customization
  • Jatsdoc - Produces documentation for any particular JATS customization. Jatsdoc is integrated with NCBI's DtdAnalyzer.[46][47]

JATS central repositories

As NISO JATS began the de facto and de jure standard for open access journals, the scientific community has adopted the JATS repositories as a kind of legal deposit, sometimes deemed more valuable than the traditional digital libraries where only a PDF version is stored. Open knowledge need richer and structured formats as JATS: PDF and JATS must be certified as "same content", and the set "PDF+JATS" forming the unit of legal deposit. List of JATS repositories and its contained:

These repositories do overlap and the same article can be held by more than one repository.

Alternatives and semantic

There are some effort and experiments using RDF conversion in the 2012,[51] with no impact in the JATS community.

Later, in ~2016, for Semantic Web context, with SchemaOrg initiative, the class ScholarlyArticle was defined, receiving better reception. It is an initial "JATS-like standardization" for RDF contexts of use.

See also

Related to

Used by (digital preservation)

Used by (publishing)

Similar to

References
  1. ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012 ISSN 1041-5653. See z39.96-2012.pdf at www.niso.org/standards/z39-96-2012
  2. Beck, J (2011). "NISO Z39.96 The Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS): What Happened to the NLM DTDs?". The Journal of Electronic Publishing. 14 (1). doi:10.3998/3336451.0014.106. PMC 3227009. PMID 22140303.
  3. Zimmerman, Sara (2012). "The new NISO journal Article Tag Suite standard". Zeeba.tv.
  4. Donohoe, Paul; Sherman, Jenny; Mistry, Ashwin (2015). "The Long Road to JATS". Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2015. JATS-Con 2015. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  5. Usdin, Tommie; Lapeyre, Deborah Aleyne; Glass, Carter M. (2015). "Superimposing Business Rules on JATS". Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2015. JATS-Con 2015. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  6. "NLM Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016.
  7. "JATS and the NLM DTDs". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
  8. "NISO JATS v0.4: Draft Standard for Trial Use". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  9. "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2012 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite". National Information Standards Organization. 26 July 2013.
  10. "JATS v1.1d1 (DRAFT)". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.
  11. "JATS v1.1d2 (DRAFT)". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.
  12. "JATS v1.1d3 (DRAFT)". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14 April 2015.
  13. "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015 JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite". National Information Standards Organization. 8 January 2016.
  14. "JATS v1.2d1". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  15. "JATS v1.2d2". Journal Article Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  16. "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.2". National Information Standards Organization. 8 February 2019.
  17. "ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021, JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite, version 1.3". National Information Standards Organization. 7 July 2021.
  18. "General Introduction". Journal Publishing Tag Library NISO JATS Version 1.0. National Center for Biotechnology Information. August 2012.
  19. "JATS: Journal Article Tag Suite". National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  20. A 2012's semanticpublishing.wordpress.com JATS Metadata Input Form.
  21. http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/oxgarage/ (documentation)
  22. "MartinPaulEve/meTypeset". GitHub. 20 June 2019.
  23. "eXtyles". Inera. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  24. "Pandoc - Pandoc User's Guide".
  25. "Merops: Powerful AI for publishers and copy editors".
  26. "Public Knowledge Project". Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  27. Constantin, S.Pettifer (2013). "PDFX: Fully-automated PDF-to-XML conversion of scientific literature". Proceedings of the 2013 ACM symposium on Document engineering. pp. 177–180. doi:10.1145/2494266.2494271. ISBN 9781450317894.
  28. "Content ExtRactor and MINEr - User Console". cermine.ceon.pl. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  29. "JATS Preview Style sheets of 2013". GitHub.
  30. "eLife Lens". lens.elifesciences.org. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  31. biglist.com/mulberrytech msg and ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books article description
  32. "ncbi/DtdAnalyzer". GitHub. 19 April 2019.
  33. "Journal archiving schema and tag libraries". Typeset.
  34. "wendell piez. oXygen JATS framework". GitHub. 24 June 2019.
  35. FontoXML for JATS
  36. PubRef
  37. "Annotum". Annotum. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  38. Carl Leubsdorf, Jr (2011). Annotum: An open-source authoring and publishing platform based on WordPress. Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2011 - NCBI Bookshelf.
  39. "GitHub - substance/Texture: A visual editor for research". GitHub. 25 June 2019.
  40. "Substance Consortium".
  41. "Texture - an open science manuscript editor". 24 July 2017.
  42. "ncbi/JATSPreviewStylesheets". GitHub. 11 February 2019.
  43. Wendell Piez (2010). Fitting the Journal Publishing 3.0 Preview Stylesheets to Your Needs: Capabilities and Customizations. Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2010 - NCBI Bookshelf.
  44. "Typeset for Journals and Publishers". Typeset For Publishers. 4 January 2020.
  45. NCBI/PubReader github.com/ncbi/PubReader source-code
  46. Maloney, Chris (8 September 2017). "Jatsdoc Documentation Browser". GitHub.
  47. "DtdAnalyzer: A tool for analyzing and manipulating DTDs". Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  48. PMC home, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
  49. PMC Europe, "about" page, http://europepmc.org/About
  50. SciELO home, http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php?lang=en
  51. From Markup to Linked Data: Mapping NISO JATS v1.0 to RDF using the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). 2012.

Further reading
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