Wadi Rum

Wadi Rum (Arabic: وادي رم Wādī Ramm, also Wādī al-Ramm), known also as the Valley of the Moon (Arabic: وادي القمر Wādī al-Qamar), is a valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in southern Jordan, near the border with Saudi Arabia and about 60 km (37 mi) to the east of the city of Aqaba. With an area of 720 km2 (280 sq mi) it is the largest wadi (river valley) in Jordan.[1]

Wadi Rum
A Wadi Rum vista
LocationAqaba, Jordan
Coordinates29°35′35″N 35°25′12″E
Area720 km2 (280 sq mi)
Elevation1,750 m (5,740 ft)
Named forArabic for "Valley of (light, airborne) sand"
OperatorAqaba Special Economic Zone Authority
WebsiteWadi Rum
Official nameWadi Rum Protected Area
TypeMixed
Criteriaiii, v, vii
Designated2011
Reference no.1377
RegionArab States

Several prehistoric civilizations left petroglyphs, rock inscriptions and ruins in Wadi Rum. Today it is a tourist attraction, offering guided tours, hiking and rock climbing. The Wadi Rum Protected Area has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2011.[2][3]

Toponym

Wadi Rum or Wadi Ramm is believed to get its name from the early name of Iram of the Pillars[4] (also called Irum (Arabic: إرم)), a lost city mentioned in the Quran.

Geography

The area is centered on the main valley of Wadi Rum. The highest elevation in Jordan is Jabal Umm ad Dami at 1,840 m (6,040 ft) high (SRTM data states 1854 m), located 30 kilometers south of Wadi Rum village. It was first located by Difallah Ateeg, a Zalabia Bedouin from Rum. On a clear day, it is possible to see the Red Sea and the Saudi border from the top.

Jabal Ram or Jebel Rum (1,734 metres (5,689 ft) above sea level) is the second highest peak in Jordan and the highest peak in the central Rum,[5] rising directly above Rum valley, opposite Jebel um Ishrin, which is possibly one meter lower.

Khaz'ali Canyon in Wadi Rum is the site of petroglyphs etched into the cave walls depicting humans and antelopes dating back to the Thamudic times. The village of Wadi Rum itself consists of several hundred Bedouin inhabitants with their goat-hair tents and concrete houses and also their four-wheel vehicles, one school for boys and one for girls, a few shops, and the headquarters of the Desert Patrol.[6]

Geology
A large vertical rock formation at Wadi Rum.

Wadi Rum is located within the Sandstone Mountain and Valley Region of southern Jordan the area is characterized by tall, near vertical mountains of iron-rich, erosion resistant, Umm Ishrin Sandstone, separated by flat-bottom valleys of alluvial sediments, aeolian sands, and salt pans. The Umm Ishrin is the thickest formation in the Lower Palaeozoic-Upper Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone, underlying the Disi and Umm Sahn sandstone formations, and overlying the Salib Arkosic Formation. The Salib in turn overlies the eroded Aqaba Complex of plutonic granitoids. An aquifer forms along this lithologic contact, with springs forming on the eastern mountain slopes. Alluvial fans compose most of the alluvial sediments. Aeolian systems include tafoni, natural bridges, and sand dunes. Sand dunes include barkhans, climbing dunes consisting of sand ramps that reach the tops of hills, and echo dunes consisting of sands that have crawled over a hill to be deposited on the lee side.[7]

History
Petroglyphs at Wadi Rum

Various human cultures have inhabited Wadi Rum since prehistoric times, with many cultures–including the Nabataeans–leaving their mark in the form of petroglyphs, inscriptions, and temple ruins. Currently, the majority is made up by the Zalabieh Bedouins who arrived to the region around 1980. The word "Bedouin" comes from the Arabic word for desert, pronounced badiya in the Arabic language. The root of this word is bad’a, which translates to "clear" and "obvious" in Arabic. One central characteristic for Bedouin tribes is the sense of belonging that tribe members feel.[8]

When they first arrived, the Zalabieh bedouins lived in tents. Their village held about 700-800 people. 80% of those people were either retired from the army or the police.[9]

The camel is the favorite animal of the Zalabieh bedouins. It is a symbol for male pride. Camel racing is an important sport for the Bedouins. These races allow Bedouins to engage in male competition, and establish manhood and power within the community.[10]

Wadi Rum was documented by British officer T. E. Lawrence, who passed through several times during the Arab Revolt of 1917–18.[11] In the 1980s one of the rock formations in Wadi Rum, originally known as "Jabal al-Mazmar" (The Mountain of (the) Plague), was named "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom," after Lawrence's book penned in the aftermath of the war, though the 'Seven Pillars' referred to in the book have no connection with Rum.[12]

Lawrence described his entrance into the Valley of Rumm: "The hills on the right grew taller and sharper, a fair counterpart of the other side which straightened itself to one massive rampart of redness. They drew together until only two miles divided them: and then, towering gradually till their parallel parapets must have been a thousand feet above us, ran forward in an avenue for miles. The crags were capped in nests of domes, less hotly red than the body of the hill; rather grey and shallow. They gave the finishing semblance of Byzantine architecture to this irresistible place: this processional way greater than imagination."[13]

Lawrence also described his encounter with the spring, Ain Shalaaleh, "On the rock-bulge above were clear-cut Nabathaean inscriptions, and a sunk panel incised with a monogram or symbol. Around and about were Arab scratches, including tribe-marks, some of which were witnesses of forgotten migrations: but my attention was only for the splashing of water in a crevice under the shadow of the overhanging rock. I looked in to see the spout, a little thinner than my wrist, jetting out firmly from a fissure in the roof, and falling with that clean sound into a shallow, frothing pool, behind the step which served as an entrance. Thick ferns and grasses of the finest green made it a paradise just five feet square."[13]: 355 

The discovery of the Nabataean Temple (located walking distance from the Rest House) in 1933 briefly returned the spotlight to the desert. A French team of archaeologists completed the excavations in 1997.

Activities

Tourism
Desert camp for tourists in Wadi Rum
Secluded traditional Bedouin camp protected by mountains

Desert scenes of Wadi Rum in Lawrence of Arabia from 1962 kick-started Jordan's tourism industry.[14]

Wadi Rum is one of Jordan's most popular tourist sites, attracting 162,000 tourists in 2017.[15] Wadi Rum is home to the Zalabieh tribe, who developed eco-adventure tourism and services throughout the protected area. Using local guides and services brings many benefits to the protected area. In particular, it enables people to continue earning a living from the land and helps to ensure that the protected area remains protected.

Bedouins in Wadi Rum allow tourists to stay overnight in their traditional camps, and provide activities, meals and transport throughout the desert. They also run restaurants and small shops in the villages that provide meals and basic supplies for visitors. Popular activities in Wadi Rum include 4x4 tours, camel rides, hiking, and camping.[16]

Dima and Lama Hattab coordinate an annual marathon in the region called Jabal Ishrin.

Rock climbing
Climber on Jabal Ram

Local Bedouin have climbed in the sandstone mountains of Wadi Rum for many generations. Many of their 'Bedouin Roads' have been rediscovered and documented by modern climbers. Several are included in the climbing guidebook by Tony Howard, and online by Liên and Gilles Rappeneau.[17]

In 1949, Sheikh Hamdan took surveyors to the summit of Jabal Ram. The first recorded European ascent of Jabal Ram took place in November 1952, by Charmian Longstaff and Sylvia Branford, guided by Sheik Hamdan. The first recorded rock climbs started in 1984, with the first of many visits by English climbers Howard, Baker, Taylor and Shaw. This group repeated many of the Bedouin routes, accompanied by locals and independently, including, in 1984, Hammad's Route on Jebel Rum, and, in 1985, Sheikh Kraim’s Hunter’s Slabs and Rijm Assaf on Jebel Rum.[18] Many new routes were climbed in the 1980s, by this team, French guide Wilfried Colonna, by the Swiss Remy brothers, and by Haupolter and Precht.[19] The first dedicated climbing guide book, Treks and Climb in Wadi Rum, by Tony Howard, was first published in 1987. Some of the many Bedouin routes have been documented online by Lien and Gilles Rappeneau.[20] A new routes book for climbers is held at the Wadi Rum Guest House.

The route Guerre Sainte was climbed in 2000 by Batoux, Petit and friends. This was the first route in Wadi Rum to be entirely equipped using bolt protection. The route, on the East Face of Jebel Nassarani North, is 450 m (1,480 ft) long, and graded F7b or F7aA0.[21]

Filming location

The area has been used as a background setting in a number of films. Filmmakers are particularly drawn to it for science fiction films set on Mars.[22]

The Location Managers Guild recognized the Jordanian Royal Film Commission with its LMGI Award for Outstanding Film Commission in 2017 for its work on Rogue One, which was filmed at Wadi Rum. The RFC was previously nominated for its work with The Martian.[23]

  • View from the top of Jabal Ram
    View from the top of Jabal Ram
  • The "Seven Pillars of Wisdom" rock formation
    The "Seven Pillars of Wisdom" rock formation
  • Thamudic inscriptions in Wadi Rum
    Thamudic inscriptions in Wadi Rum
  • A Nabatean temple in Wadi Rum
    A Nabatean temple in Wadi Rum
  • Wadi Rum rock formation
    Wadi Rum rock formation
  • Wadi Rum desert
    Wadi Rum desert
  • The Wadi Rum Visitor Center
    The Wadi Rum Visitor Center
  • In 2011
    In 2011
  • Mountain in Wadi Rum
    Mountain in Wadi Rum
  • Wadi Rum rock formations along with Bedouin camps
    Wadi Rum rock formations along with Bedouin camps
  • Secluded traditional Bedouin camp protected by mountains
    Secluded traditional Bedouin camp protected by mountains
  • Plants in arid Wadi Rum landscape
    Plants in arid Wadi Rum landscape
  • Khazali canyon
    Khazali canyon

See also

References
  1. Mannheim, Ivan (1 December 2000). Jordan Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-900949-69-9. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  2. "World Heritage Committee inscribes five new sites in Colombia, Sudan, Jordan, Italy and Germany". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2011-06-25. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  3. "Wadi Rum Protected Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  4. Laurent Tholbecq (1998). "The Nabataeo-Roman Site of Wadi Ramm (Iram): A New Appraisal". Academia: 241–254.
  5. Scheck, Frank Rainer (1997). Jordanien: Völker und Kulturen zwischen Jordan und Rotem Meer (in German). DuMont Reiseverlag. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-7701-3979-8. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  6. Howard, Tony; Taylor, Di (May 1997). Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum, Jordan. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-85284-254-3. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  7. Cordova, Carlos; DeWitt, Regina; Winsborough, Barbara (2014). "Geology, Landforms, and Depositional Systems in Wadi Rum, in The Sands of Time, The Desert Neolithic Settlement at Ayn Abu Nukhayla". ResearchGate. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  8. "The Social Ontology of Institutions: A Reassessment". Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice. 9 (1): 132. 2017. doi:10.22381/crlsj9120178. ISSN 1948-9137.
  9. "The Social Ontology of Institutions: A Reassessment". Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice. 9 (1): 132. 2017. doi:10.22381/crlsj9120178. ISSN 1948-9137.
  10. "19 Changing Sex Roles in Bedouin Society in Syria and Lebanon", Women in the Muslim World, Harvard University Press, pp. 399–415, 1978-12-31, doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674733091.c22, ISBN 9780674733091, retrieved 2022-12-03
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  12. The Seven Pillars? roughguides.com, accessed 19 June 2018
  13. Lawrence, T.E. (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. 351.
  14. The Complete Guide to Lawrence's Arabia 22 May 2004, independent.co.uk, accessed 19 June 2018
  15. Bani Mustafa, Ahmed (Jan 29, 2018). "'97 per cent increase in Wadi Rum visitors, 13 per cent for Aqaba'". Jordan Times. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  16. "Our Experiences". See Wadi Rum. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
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  19. Howard, Tony (1987). Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum. Milnthorpe, England: Cicerone Press. p. 192. ISBN 1-852841354.
  20. Rappeneau, Gilles. "Les Voies Bedouines des Wadi Ramm". Les Voies Bedouines des Wadi Ramm. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  21. "The Guerre Sainte". CamptoCamp.org. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  22. Stevens, Dana (1 October 2015). "Saving Astronaut Watney". Slate. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
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  25. Galloway, Stephen (16 May 2012). "Return of the 'Alien' Mind". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  26. Forde, Leon (2013-05-28). "Ruairi Robinson, The Last Days On Mars". Screen Daily. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
  27. Cooper, Sarah (2012-07-19). "Last Days On Mars". Screen Daily. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
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  30. Kaleem Aftab: Naji Abu Nowar talks about exploring the Bedouin way of life in his first feature Theeb 25 August 2014, thenational.ae, accessed 19 June 2018
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