James Balfour (died 1845)

After studying book-keeping and accountancy in Edinburgh, Balfour went to Madras in March 1795 as a writer (junior clerk) for the British East India Company. He held several posts in the following years, before being sent back to Britain after a disciplinary issue.[2]

Balfour returned to India in 1802, where he became a merchant in partnership with James Baker. His breakthrough came in 1806, when the partners obtained the contract with the Victualling Commissioners of the Royal Navy to supply their needs throughout the East Indies.[7]

The contract had been held since 1796 by the Hon. Basil Cochrane, who had built his own flour mills and bakeries in Madras.[7] Cochrane returned to England in 1806 due to ill-health, and had intended to appoint Balfour and Baker as his agents.[8] However, before leaving, Cochrane was notified that the Navy was reviewing his accounts dating back to 1794, and that the Navy had lost much of the paperwork. He then returned to England permanently to settle the accounts, which took until 1820.[8]

Instead of engaging agents, Cochrane passed the contract to Balfour and Baker, who held it until at least 1815.[8] At some point the partnership was dissolved, and the contract held by Balfour alone.[7] When he left India, he had accumulated a fortune of £300,000[9] (equivalent to £29 million in 2023[3]).

The Indian business did not end with Balfour's return home. It was run on his behalf by agents, and within a few decades the family's assets had grown ten-fold to £3 million[10] (equivalent to £290 million in 2023[3]).

The east lodge of Balfour's Whittingehame estate, possibly also designed by Robert Smirke

On his return to Scotland in 1815, Balfour married Lady Eleanor Maitland (1790–1869), daughter of the Tory politician James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale.[1] They had seven children, three of whom predeceased their parents. The eldest son was killed by a fire in 1822.[11][12]

Within two years of their marriage, Balfour had bought two large county estates. The first was a sporting estate with shooting lodge in the Highlands, at Strathconan in Ross-shire.[13] In 1817, he purchased the 10,000-acre (4,000 ha; 16 sq mi) Whittingehame estate in Haddingtonshire from Colonel William Hay of Duns Castle,[2] which provided a net rental income of £11,000 per year (equivalent to £1,158,000 in 2023[3]).[1] He also bought a town house in London,[1] No. 3 Grosvenor Square.[14]

In the 1820s the Balfours employed the architect Robert Smirke, designer of the British Museum, to build a large classical mansion at Whittingehame,[1] along with a stable block and gate lodges.[15] They equipped their home with French furniture and Sèvres china.[1] Built of pale cullalo stone, the house was expanded and altered in 1827 to the designs of William Burn, which were not entirely successful. Colin McWilliam and Christopher Wilson describe them as having changed "a dry composition into a boring one".[15]

They then rebuilt the local church, and created a new model village to the north-west of the old one. Built in about 1840 of red sandstone, it consists of a row of cottages and a school.[15]

Established as a country gentleman, though known locally as "the nabob",[1][9] Balfour became a justice of the peace,[1] and in 1822 was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire.[16]

Strathconon (or Strathconan) House, Balfour's hunting lodge in the Scottish Highlands

In about 1823[17] or 1824 he paid £104,000[17] (equivalent to £9.74 million in 2023[3]) to buy from the 10th Earl of Leven[5] a large estate in his native Fife, including Balgonie Castle. Adjacent to his native Balbirnie, the Balgonie estate included coal mines which worked seams described as "inexhaustible"[18] and iron workings.

In November 1820, the death of Henry St Paul MP triggered a by-election for the borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed, where Balfour's father-in-law Lord Lauderdale had great influence.[19] Balfour was also supported by Admiral Sir David Milne,[9] who had defeated St Paul at the general election in March 1820[20] but was unseated on petition in July.[21]

However, Lauderdale was disliked for his opposition to the popular Queen Caroline, which became a significant issue in the campaign. His agents claimed that Balfour would have opposed her trial for alleged adultery, but he was portrayed as too close to Liverpool's Tory ministry to properly represent interests of the borough. After four days of polling, Balfour lost by 9 votes (374—363) to the Whig baronet Sir Francis Blake.[19]

Balgonie Castle in Glenrothes, Fife, in Balfour's Fife estate

A further vacancy occurred in Berwick in 1822, but Balfour did not contest the seat.[2] Instead, he turned his attentions to the Anstruther Burghs, a set of five burghs which were located only 15 miles from his newly purchased estate at Balgonie in Fife.[22] At the 1826 general election he won the support of three burghs of Pittenweem, Anstruther Easter and Crail, whereas the sitting MP and Lord Advocate of Scotland Sir William Rae won only Anstruther Wester and Kilrenny.[22] With three out of five votes[22] Balfour was declared elected,[23] and a petition lodged by Rae was rejected in March 1827.[24]

In 1829, several groups of his constituents submitted petitions against the Roman Catholic Relief Bill. Balfour presented all the petitions to Parliament,[22] but in April he voted with the majority in favour of the Bill.[25]

Balfour was opposed at the 1830 general election by Robert Marsham, the Warden of Merton College, Oxford. However, he won the seat,[26] taking three of the four boroughs remaining after Kilrenny's disenfranchisement in 1829.[22]

At the 1831 general election, Balfour was drafted to stand instead in the county seat of Haddingtonshire, the area which included Whittingehame. The sitting MP Lord John Hay had been an advocate of Parliamentary reform, a view which was supported by the county's voteless tenant farmers but opposed by the existing voters. Lord John's position looked untenable, so Balfour was drafted by Lord Lauderdale and Hay's brother Lord Tweeddale. Describing himself as an opponent of the current reform proposals, but a supporter of a "wise and prudent amendment to the representative system", he won the seat by a margin of 40 votes to the 11 of his opponent Sir David Baird, Bt.[27] However, a crowd of non-voting residents of Haddington shouted down his attempts to make a speech of thanks.[2]

The new Parliament was dominated by the Reform Bills, and in the last Parliament of the Unreformed House of Commons Balfour voted against them at most opportunities.[2] At the general election in December 1832, with the franchise expanded under the Scottish Reform Act, Balfour was re-elected[28] but with a much narrower majority of 271 votes to 232.[29]

His health had been declining, and he cited that as his reason for retiring at the dissolution of Parliament in December 1834.[2] At the general election in January 1835, the Haddingtonshire seat was won by the Whig Robert Ferguson.[29]