James Thomas Milton Anderson

James Thomas Milton Anderson (July 23, 1878 – December 29, 1946) was the fifth premier of Saskatchewan and the first Conservative to hold the office.

For other people with the same name, see James Anderson (disambiguation).

James Thomas Milton Anderson
Anderson, c. 1930
5th Premier of Saskatchewan
In office
September 9, 1929 – July 19, 1934
MonarchGeorge V
Lieutenant GovernorHenry William Newlands
Hugh Edwin Munroe
Preceded byJames Garfield Gardiner
Succeeded byJames Garfield Gardiner
Member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for Saskatoon City
In office
June 2, 1925 – June 19, 1934
Preceded byHarris Turner
Succeeded byJames Wilfred Estey
George Wesley Norman
Personal details
Born(1878-07-23)July 23, 1878
Fairbank, Ontario (now a neighbourhood of Toronto)
DiedDecember 29, 1946(1946-12-29) (aged 68)
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Political partyConservative
ResidenceSaskatoon
ProfessionLawyer

Early career

Anderson was chosen as leader of the Conservatives in 1924 and was one of the party's three Members of the Legislative Assembly elected in the 1925 election.

Premiership

In the 1929 election, the Conservatives were able to exploit patronage scandals surrounding the Liberal government of Saskatchewan Premier James Garfield Gardiner to achieve a major breakthrough by winning 24 seats. The Liberals won 28 seats, with 5 going to the Progressive Party and the remaining 4 to independents. The Liberals tried to form a minority government but were defeated in a motion of no confidence, which allowed Anderson to form a co-operative government, a coalition between the Conservatives, Progressives and Independents.

Anderson was accused of working closely with the Ku Klux Klan, which was a major force in the province in the late 1920s and the early 1930s with an estimated 25,000 members.[1] Pat Emmons, a senior Klan defector, alleged that Anderson and Klan officials regularly met, and the Liberals accused the Conservatives of being a front for the Klan. With few Blacks in the province, and First Nations largely confined to Indian reserves under the informal pass system, the focus of the Klan was against immigration, Catholics, and francophones;[1] as well as opposition to the Gardiner Liberals, who were seen as supporting all three of those groups.

Anderson denied the allegations, but upon gaining power, he took the portfolio of Minister of Education while he was premier and proposed amendments to the Schools Act to ban the instruction of French in public schools and to outlaw the display of religious symbols in all schools, including the Catholic separate school system. The Klan supported those changes and worked hard to elect and defend the Conservative-dominated government.

Loss of office

The Anderson government also had to face the onset of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, which destroyed the province's agrarian economy. Anderson also had to deal with labour unrest culminating in the Estevan Riot of 1931. The government formed the Saskatchewan Relief Commission to try to help those affected by the drought and massive unemployment. Those efforts were insufficient, and in the 1934 elections, the Conservatives lost every seat in the legislature and remained a minor party for 40 years.

Electoral history

Saskatchewan general elections, 1925 to 1934

Anderson led the Conservative Party in three general elections, in 1925, 1929 and 1934. They came in third in seats in 1925, formed a minority government in 1929, and were completely eliminated from the Assembly in the 1934 election.

1925 General election
For more detailed tables of election results, see 1925 Saskatchewan general election.
For information about the 6th Legislature, 1925 to 1929, see 6th Saskatchewan Legislature.

In his first general election, Anderson and the Conservatives came in third, although he managed to win a seat in the Legislative Assembly.

Saskatchewan General Election: June 2, 1925
PartyLeadersSeats WonPopular VotePopular Vote Percentage
Liberal Charles Avery Dunning150127,75151.51%
Progressive Charles Tran2657,14223.04%
Conservative James T. M. Anderson2345,51518.35%
  Independent–28,7033.51%
Labour–Liberal –14,7041.90%
  Independent Liberal–12,6531.07%
  Independent Conservative–01,5450.62%
Total63248,013100.00%
Source: Elections Saskatchewan — Elections Results — 1925

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after the election.
2 Co-Leaders of the Opposition after the election.[2]

1929 General election
For more detailed tables of election results, see 1929 Saskatchewan general election.
For information about the 7th Legislature, 1929 to 1934, see 7th Saskatchewan Legislature.

Anderson led the Conservatives to a much improved result in the 1929 election, being only eight seats short of a majority in a hung parliament. Premier Gardiner and the Liberals had four more seats than the Conservatives. Gardiner chose to face the Assembly in hopes of obtaining sufficient support from some of the opposition members to maintain his government. Anderson organized a vote on a confidence motion which defeated the government. Gardiner resigned and Anderson became Premier.

Saskatchewan General Election: June 6, 1929
PartyLeadersSeats WonPopular VotePopular Vote Percentage
Liberal James Garfield Gardiner128164,48745.56%
Conservative James T. M. Anderson224131,55036.44%
  Independent–632,7299.06%
Progressive –524,9886.92%
Liberal–Labour –04,1811.16%
  Economic Group–01,9420.54%
  Independent Liberal–01,1600.32%
Total63361,037100.00%
Source: Elections Saskatchewan — Elections Results — 1929

1 Premier when election was called; lost confidence motion in the Assembly after the election; resigned as Premier and became Leader of the Opposition.
2 Co-Leader of the Opposition when the election was called; became Premier after successful vote of non-confidence in the Gardiner government.

1934 General election
For more detailed tables of election results, see 1934 Saskatchewan general election.
For information about the 8th Legislature, 1934 to 1938, see 8th Saskatchewan Legislature.

Anderson was Premier for almost five years and led the Conservatives into the 1934 election, at the depths of the Great Depression and Dirty Thirties. The Conservatives were routed, losing every seat, although they came in second in the popular vote. The Liberals under Gardiner won a massive majority, with all but five seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Farmer-Labour Party formed the Opposition.

Saskatchewan General Election: June 19, 1934
PartyLeadersSeats WonPopular VotePopular Vote Percentage
Liberal James Garfield Gardiner150206,21248.00%
  Farmer-LabourM. J. Coldwell25102,94423.96%
Conservative James T. M. Anderson30114,92326.75%
  Independent–02,9490.69%
Labour –01,4200.33%
  United Front–01,0530.24%
  Independent Liberal–01330.03%
Total55429,634100.00%
Source: Elections Saskatchewan — Elections Results — 1934

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Premier after the election.
2 Party leader during the election, but failed to win seat; role as Leader of the Opposition taken by George Hara Williams.
3 Premier when election was called; lost seat in the election and resigned as Premier.

Saskatchewan constituency elections

Anderson stood for election five times, all in the riding of Saskatoon City, which returned two members. After becoming Premier after the 1929 general election, he was required by the electoral law at that time to be re-elected in a by-election, which he won by acclamation. He won two contested elections and lost two.

1925 General election: Saskatoon City
Saskatchewan General Election, June 2, 1925: Saskatoon City (Two Members)
Party CandidatePopular Vote %
Liberal E X Archibald Peter McNab5,24923.69%
Conservative E James T. M. Anderson5,00122.57%
Conservative George Arthur Cruise4,25019.18%
Liberal Gilbert Harrison Yule3,86917.46%
Progressive X Harris Turner3,78617.09%
Total22,15599.99%1
Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Saskatoon City[3]

E Elected.
X Incumbent.
1 Rounding error.

1929 General election: Saskatoon City
Saskatchewan General Election, June 2, 1929: Saskatoon City (Two Members)
Party CandidatePopular Vote %
Conservative E X Howard McConnell10,14131.77%
Conservative E X James T. M. Anderson9,66830.29%
Liberal James Wilfred Estey6,09219.09%
Liberal Charles Wesley McCool6,01718.85%
Total31,918100.00%
Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Saskatoon City[3]

E Elected.
X Incumbent.

1929 By-election: Saskatoon City
Saskatchewan Ministerial By-election, September 30, 1929: Saskatoon City
Party CandidatePopular Vote %
Conservative E X James T. M. AndersonAcclaimed–
Conservative E X Howard McConnellAcclaimed–
Total––
Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Saskatoon City[3]

E Elected.
X Incumbent.

1934 General election: Saskatoon City
Saskatchewan General Election, June 19, 1934: Saskatoon City (Two Members)
Party CandidatePopular Vote %
Liberal E James Wilfred Estey9,16823.88%
Liberal E George Wesley Norman8,67022.58%
Conservative X James T. M. Anderson7,51119.56%
Conservative X Howard McConnell6,79717.70%
Farmer–Labour Gladys Isabel Salisbury3,0988.07%
Farmer–Labour John Johnson Egge2,7977.28%
United Farmers William Taylor3530.92%
Total38,39499.9%1
Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Saskatoon City[3]

E Elected.
X Incumbent.
1 Rounding error.

1938 General election: Saskatoon City
Saskatchewan General Election, June 8, 1938: Saskatoon City (Two Members)
Party CandidatePopular Vote %
Liberal E Robert Mitford Pinder7,21319.43%
Liberal E X James Wilfred Estey6,89318.57%
Conservative James T. M. Anderson5,00613.48%
Independent Labour Robert Hunter4,81312.97%
Conservative Stephen N. MacEachern4,69212.64%
Social Credit Jacob Klassen4,33911.69%
Social Credit John Harrison Hilton4,16411.22%
Total37,120100.00%
Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — Saskatoon City][3]

E Elected.
X Incumbent.

References
  1. Latimer, Kendall (August 18, 2017). "KKK history challenges idea Sask. always welcomed newcomers: expert". CBC Saskatchewan. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  2. Saskatchewan Archives — Leaders of the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly.
  3. Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division.

Sources
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