Janice Lourie

Janice Richmond "Jan" Lourie (born July 9, 1930) is an American computer scientist and graphic artist. In the late 1960s she was a pioneer in CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture) for the textile industry. She is best known for inventing a set of software tools that facilitate the textile production stream from artist to manufacturer. For the Graphical Design Of Textiles process she was granted IBM's first software patent. Other projects, in differing disciplines, share the focus on graphic representation. She returns throughout an ongoing career to the stacked two-dimensional tabular arrays of textiles and computer graphics, and the topological structures of interrelated data.

Janice Lourie
Born (1930-07-09) July 9, 1930
NationalityAmerican
Alma materLongy School of Music
Tufts University
Known forPioneer in CAD/CAM
Scientific career
FieldsComputer technology
Graphic artist
InstitutionsIBM

Education

Lourie studied music theory and history at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge Massachusetts. Rosario Mazzeo was her clarinet teacher. She performed in chamber music concerts in the tapestry gallery series at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and with amateur orchestras and chamber music groups in the Boston area. In 1954 she became a founding member of the Camerata of the Museum of Fine Arts. Her instruments were the tenor shawm and psaltery from the museum collection,[1][2] and contemporary Dolmetsch recorders.

When she received her AB degree in philosophy from Tufts University she was employed as a technical editor at Parke Mathematical Laboratories[3] in Concord, Mass. Her interest in the material she edited led to work at the MIT Whirlwind computer which she combined with basic mathematics courses. She returned to school and received a master's degree in mathematics from Boston University.[lower-alpha 1]

IBM

In 1957 Lourie began working at IBM. At that time IBM was recruiting musicians to train as programmers.[4] Her first assignment was to assist Dr. John (Giampiero) Rossoni who was in charge of the IBM part of the Operation Moonwatch Project then being conducted at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.[lower-alpha 2]

Operations research

Lourie's next assignment was in operations research, also known as management science. Her first major project was to implement the stepping stone algorithm of Abraham Charnes to solve the machine loading problem, a generalization of the classic linear transportation problem. In 1958 a software solution to the transportation problem was a staple operations research tool. The solution determines the pattern of delivery of one type of goods from multiple sources to multiple destinations satisfying all requirements at a minimum cost.[5]

The generalized problem, expressed as machine loading, states that all the products may be different and may be produced on different machines. The variability of sources and destinations in this model has a drastic effect on the topological structure underlying the solution. The topology of each stage of an iterative solution in the transportation problem is a tree structure. In the generalized transportation problem the topological structure of the evolving iterative solution is a set of disconnected loops each with attached branched sidechains (trees).[6]

Since each iteration of the generalized solution proceeding toward a minimum cost objective has a new assignment of products to machines, the topological structure of loops and chains at the beginning of an iteration is broken, and a new such structure is produced. Lourie analyzed the possible structures that could be created during iterations into 38 independent cases. The significance of the topological analysis is that it provided a verification method. The resulting paper, "Topology and computation of the generalized transportation problem," graphically represents the case analysis.[6] The impact of this paper comes from the graphic representations of the original transportation problem in the stepping stone and simplex method formulations.[7] The corresponding IBM program, released in 1959, used efficient list processing (tree tracing) techniques combined with a book-keeping system for managing the loops.[8] (At the time LISP was being developed at MIT by John McCarthy).[9]

Textile graphics/ Computer-aided

In 1959 IBM began working with General Motors on an early industrial computer-aided design (CAD) system, the DAC-1. The system used a light pen to draw on the screen of a visual display unit. The project was kept secret until the 1964 Fall Joint Computer Conference.[10] At the same time IBM was working on commercial graphics products. Lourie worked on the programming for the prototype graphics terminal.[11]: 61  The 2250 Graphical Display Unit was released in 1964 with the new System/360 computer.[12]

Lourie had begun weaving at age seven and was an experienced weaver.[13] In 1964 she proposed that IBM produce a CAD system for the textile industry.

Lourie made a proposal to IBM management, which was accepted, to develop a working system to translate artists’ designs into loom control information, and to develop the hardware and software to control the loom. Her first article, "The textile designer of the future,"[14] explained how working with a computer would give increased freedom to textile designers. "On-line textile designing"[15] reviewed past attempts at automating the designing process and set forth reasons why the advent of interactive tools now made aspects of this goal feasible.

Lourie spent a year in three diverse textile manufacturing facilities, working alongside artists and designers, to learn the aesthetic judgments and technical skills needed to transform artwork to point paper – the preliminary representation of production control. When her software design was complete IBM filed a software patent in 1966. It was granted in 1970. It was IBM's first software patent.[16] Related patents [17][18][19] and later a book, Textile Graphics/Computer Aided.[11]

The Textile Graphics project then undertook the natural extensions to printed and knitted fabrics, and woven fabrics produced on a dobby loom.[20][21] The algebraic formulation of the designs produced on a dobby loom is described in an ACM paper.[22][lower-alpha 3] Textile Graphics, known as GRITS (graphic interactive textile system) internally, was a precursor of today's tools that allow a personal computer user to "paint" closed areas of a design with color or patterns. The 1969 paper, "Computation of connected regions in interactive graphics",[23] addresses the problem of automatically identifying and labeling the connected regions formed by sets of closed curves – a general problem encountered in interactive computer graphics. The first patent subsumes this capability. The subsequent patent related to connected regions, enlarged the scope of the procedure to arbitrarily large designs.

When preparation was underway for the 1968 San Antonio HemisFair, IBM chose the Textile Graphics system for its Durango pavilion. Visitors were able to draw the design on the screen and receive a swatch of woven fabric within three minutes.[24] The complete system is described in an IFIPS paper.[25] The visibility of both the process and the product made a clear statement of CAD/CAM. In his book, Computer History from Pascal to von Neumann, Herman Goldstine comments on the significance of this application.[26]

Interactive computer tools – display screens, digital drawing tablets, lightpens and function keyboards – drew interest in creative applications. Museums and art organizations saw potential applications early. The Metropolitan Museum held a conference on the potential applications of computers in Museums in 1968.[27]

Notes
  1. the first computer science degree program in the United States was subsequently formed at Purdue University in 1962
  2. It was a cooperative effort between Harvard University and IBM. A phase of the Moonwatch project was drawing to a close and awaited the verdict that the software was working. On the night of October 3, 1957 the teams from both Harvard and IBM were at the Smithsonian Observatory celebrating the working of the project, when shortly after midnight they received word that Russia had launched Sputnik!
  3. Fabrics with geometric designs are fabricated on a dobby loom. On the loom the warp, or vertical threads, instead of being independently controlleable (like the jacquard loom) are grouped in harnesses. All the threads in one harness must be raised and lowered together. The operating sequence of raising and lowering combinations of harnesses produces the geometry of the resulting fabric

References
  1. Bessaraboff, Nicholas (1941). Ancient European Musical Instruments. An Organological Study of the Musical Instruments in the Leslie Lindsey Mason Collection at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. By Nicholas Bessaraboff. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. p. 503. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  2. Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin Lesley Lindsey Mason collection of musical instruments. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 1917. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  3. Parke Mathematical Laboratories, Inc. "Selected bibliography on coding theory (1957–1968)" (PDF). Foundations of Coding Theory. D. Reidel, Dordrect Holland: 207–209. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  4. Hopkins, Ann Branigar (1996). So Ordered: Making Partner the Hard Way. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 16. ISBN 1-55849-051-5.
  5. Ho, William; Ping Ji (2006). Optimal Production Planning for PCB Assembly. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-1-84628-500-4.
  6. Lourie, Janice R. (1964). "Topology and computation of the generalized transportation problem". Management Science. 11 (1): 177–187. doi:10.1287/mnsc.11.1.177. JSTOR 2627999.
  7. Charnes, A.; W. M. Raike (1966). "One-pass algorithms for some generalized network problems". Operations Research. 14 (5): 914–922. doi:10.1287/opre.14.5.914.
  8. Eiseman, Kurt; Janice R. Lourie (1959). "The Machine Loading Problem". Preprints of papers presented at the 14th national meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery. ACM '59. ACM. p. 1. doi:10.1145/612201.612235. S2CID 22345108.
  9. McCarthy, John (1960). "Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine, Part I". Communications of the ACM. 3 (4): 184–195. doi:10.1145/367177.367199. S2CID 1489409.
  10. Peddie, Jon (2013). The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 102–105. ISBN 978-1-4471-4932-3.
  11. Lourie, Janice R. (1973). Textile Graphics/Computer Aided. Fairchild Publications. OCLC 865676.
  12. Krull, F.N. (1994). "The origin of computer graphics within General Motors". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 16 (3): 40. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1994.298419. ISSN 1058-6180. S2CID 17776315.
  13. "Jan Lourie's metaprints: wood metal stone". The Rutger's Business School. 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  14. Lourie, Janice R. (1966). "The textile designer of the future". Handweaver and Craftsman, Winter.
  15. Lourie, Janice R.; Lorenzo, J.; Bomberault, A. (1966). "On-line textile designing". Proceedings of the 1966 21st national conference. ACM '66. ACM New York, NY, USA ©1966. pp. 537–544. doi:10.1145/800256.810736. ISBN 9781450379151. S2CID 37036082. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  16. Lourie, Janice Richmond. "GRAPHICAL DESIGN OF TEXTILES US Patent 33,529,298" (1970). Google Patents. Retrieved June 24, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. Lourie, Janice R.; Woo, Lin (1972). "PROCESSING OF MULTILAYER WEAVE DESIGN DATA US Patent 3,634,827". Retrieved June 24, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. United States Patent Lourie 1 Feb. 22, 1972 [54] METHOD OF IDENTIFYING CONNECTED REGIONS IN A LARGE SEGMENTED PATTERN [72 Inventor: Janice Richmond Lourie, New York, NY. [73] Assignee: lntemational Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY. [22] Filed: May 14, 1970 [21] Appl. No: 37,282
  19. U. S. Patent Office – Defensive Publication T921-021 – April 16, 1974 – Processing of Data for Multicolor or Other Multisymbol Design – Nitta P. Dooner, Janice R. Lourie, Lin Woo
  20. Lourie, Janice R.; Lorenzo, John (1967). "Textile graphics applied to textile printing". Proceedings of the November 14-16, 1967, fall joint computer conference on - AFIPS '67 (Fall). pp. 33–40. doi:10.1145/1465611.1465617. ISBN 9781450378963. S2CID 18349778. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  21. Lourie, Janice R.; Dooner, Nitta P. (1972). "Interactive knitted textile design". Proceedings of the ninth design automation workshop on Design automation - DAC '72. ACM New York, NY. pp. 287–300. doi:10.1145/800153.804960. ISBN 9781450374583. S2CID 15083293. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  22. Lourie, Janice R. (1969). "Loom-constrained designs". Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference. ACM '69. pp. 185–192. doi:10.1145/800195.805931. ISBN 9781450374934. S2CID 18575083. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  23. Lourie, Janice R. (1969). "The computation of connected regions in interactive graphics". Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference. ACM '69. ACM. pp. 369–377. doi:10.1145/800195.805944. ISBN 9781450374934. S2CID 16285405. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  24. Korte, Joan Marston; Peche, David L. (January 2013). Downtown San Antonio. Arcadia Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-7385-8491-1. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  25. Lourie, Janice R.; Bonin, Alice (1968). "Computer-controlled textile designing and weaving". IFIP Congress (2): 884–891. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  26. Goldstine, Herman H. (1980). The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton. p. 365. ISBN 1400820138. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  27. Lourie, Janice R. (1968). "An Example of Computer Graphic Tools for Executing Aesthetic Decisions". The Metropolitan Museum Conference on Computers and Their Potential Applications in Museums (April 1968). New York.
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