Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis.[2] The vaccines are more than 90% effective.[2] The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time.[2] Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[2]

Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine Encevac
Vaccine description
TargetJapanese encephalitis
Vaccine typeInactivated or attenuated
Clinical data
Trade namesIxiaro, Imojev
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607019
License data
Pregnancy
category
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
ChemSpider
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It is recommended as part of routine immunizations in countries where the disease is a problem.[2] One or two doses are given depending on the version of the vaccine.[2] Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common.[2] In those with HIV/AIDS or those who are pregnant an inactivated vaccine should be used.[2] Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas where the disease is common is recommended.[2]

The vaccines are relatively safe.[2] Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection.[2] As of 2015, 15 different vaccines are available:[2] some are based on recombinant DNA techniques, others weakened virus, and others inactivated virus.[2]

The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[4][5]

Efficacy

Randomized control trials on JE-VAX have shown that a two-dose schedule provides protection for one year.[6]

History

Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.[3] One of them was an inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine (the Nakayama and/or Beijing-1 strain), made by BIKEN and marketed by Sanofi Pasteur as JE-VAX, until production ceased in 2005. The other was an inactivated vaccine cultivated on primary hamster kidney cells (the Beijing-3 strain). The Beijing-3 strain was the main variant of the vaccine used in the People's Republic of China from 1968 until 2005.[7]

Three second-generation vaccines have entered markets since then: SA14-14-2, IC51 and ChimeriVax-JE. The live-attenuated SA14-14-2 strain was introduced in China in 1988. It is much cheaper than alternative vaccines, and is administered to 20 million Chinese children each year.[6]

A purified, formalin-inactivated, wholevirus vaccine known as IC51 (marketed in Australia and New Zealand as JESPECT and elsewhere as IXIARO) was licensed for use in the United States, Australia, and Europe during the spring of 2009. It is based on a SA14-14-2 strain and cultivated in Vero cells.[7] In September 2012, the Indian firm Biological E. Limited launched an inactivated cell culture derived vaccine based on SA 14-14-2 strain which was developed in a technology transfer agreement with Intercell and is a thiomersal-free vaccine.[8][9]

Another vaccine, a live-attenuated recombinant chimeric virus vaccine developed using the Yellow fever virus[10] known as ChimeriVax-JE (marketed as IMOJEV) was licensed for use in Australia in August 2010[11] and in Thailand in December 2012.[12]

References
  1. Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  2. "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2015". Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 90 (9): 69–87. February 2015. hdl:10665/242325. PMID 25726573.
    "Summary of the WHO Position Paper on Vaccines against Japanese encephalitis (JE)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2015.
  3. Paulke-Korinek M, Kollaritsch H (2008). "Japanese encephalitis and vaccines: past and future prospects". Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 120 (19-20 Suppl 4): 15–19. doi:10.1007/s00508-008-1071-9. PMID 19066766. S2CID 7170010. Furthermore, vaccines against JEV have been available since the 1930s.
  4. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  5. World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  6. Schiøler KL, Samuel M, Wai KL (July 2007). "Vaccines for preventing Japanese encephalitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007 (3): CD004263. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004263.pub2. PMC 6532601. PMID 17636750.
  7. Halstead SB, Thomas SJ (April 2010). "Japanese encephalitis: new options for active immunization". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (8): 1155–1164. doi:10.1086/651271. PMID 20218889.
  8. "Jeev an inactivated Japanese Encephalitis vaccine launched in Hyderabad". pharmabiz.com. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  9. Bryant A (17 September 2012). "Intercell's Jeev vaccine debuts in India". Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  10. Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S (December 2010). "IMOJEV(®): a Yellow fever virus-based novel Japanese encephalitis vaccine". Expert Review of Vaccines. 9 (12): 1371–1384. doi:10.1586/erv.10.139. PMID 21105774. S2CID 35567599.
  11. Halstead SB, Thomas SJ (March 2011). "New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain". Expert Review of Vaccines. 10 (3): 355–364. doi:10.1586/erv.11.7. PMID 21434803. S2CID 31362697.
  12. "Drug joint venture plans new vaccine". Bangkok Post. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
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