Murder of Laquan McDonald

The murder of Laquan McDonald took place on October 20, 2014, in Chicago, Illinois. McDonald was a 17-year-old who was fatally shot by a Chicago Police Officer, Jason Van Dyke.[3][4] Police had initially reported that McDonald was behaving erratically while walking down the street, refusing to put down a knife, and that he had lunged at officers. Preliminary internal police reports described the incident similarly, leading to the shooting being judged as justifiable, and Van Dyke not being charged at the time.[5] This was later disproved after a video of the encounter was released, showing that McDonald was walking away.

Murder of Laquan McDonald
Location4100 South Pulaski Road,
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Coordinates41°49′04.7″N 87°43′26.4″W
DateOctober 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
9:57:36–9:57:54 p.m. (CDT)[1]
Attack type
Murder, police brutality, shooting
VictimLaquan Joseph McDonald
PerpetratorJason D. Van Dyke
Verdict
ConvictionsSecond-degree murder, aggravated battery with a firearm (16 counts)
Charges
LitigationLawsuit against the city of Chicago settled with McDonald's family for $5 million
Filmed byPolice cruiser dashboard cameras
BurialForest Home Cemetery
Forest Park, Illinois, U.S.
CoronerStephen J. Cina, M.D.
Chief Medical Examiner
Cook County, Illinois
TrialSeptember 17 – October 5, 2018
Sentence6+3⁄4 years in prison (served 3+1⁄4 years)[2]

The video of the shooting was initially withheld from the public for more than a year, which later sparked criticism for the delay.[6] On November 24, 2015, thirteen months after the shooting, a court ordered the police to release a dash cam video of the shooting. It showed that McDonald was walking away from the police when he was shot 16 times by Officer Van Dyke. That same day, Van Dyke was charged with first-degree murder, and was initially held without bail at the Cook County Jail.[7] He was released on bail on November 30.[8] The city reached a settlement with McDonald's family for $5 million in April 2015. On October 5, 2018, Van Dyke was found guilty of second-degree murder, as well as 16 counts of aggravated battery with a firearm.[9]

Protests followed the murder of McDonald, criticising the lack of transparency from the Rahm Emanuel administration, demanding changes in police and judicial procedures and police oversight, and for the dismissal or resignation of city and county officials including the mayor. For several months, Emanuel had claimed that making the video public would jeopardize a federal investigation into the shooting and had resisted allowing the video to be shown to the public, however the Justice Department never raised any issues with the public release of the footage.[10] Rahm Emanuel had already won a second term in 2015 as Mayor of Chicago (prior to the release of the dash cam video), but Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez lost her bid for reelection in 2016.

At the request of Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan, the United States Department of Justice initiated a civil rights investigation into McDonald's murder and the activities of the Chicago Police Department. It released its report in January 2017, describing the police as having a culture of "excessive violence," especially against minority suspects, and of having poor training and supervision. DOJ and city officials signed a consent decree for a plan for improvement to be overseen by the courts. Moreover, three Chicago police officers were tried for allegedly attempting to cover up events related to the murder, and were found not guilty by the Cook County Circuit Court on January 17, 2019.[11][12][13]

Profiles

Laquan McDonald
Laquan McDonald

Laquan Joseph McDonald (September 25, 1997 – October 20, 2014)[14] was from the 37th Ward of Chicago.[15] According to NBC Chicago news, McDonald earned $1,100 working after school in the Youth Advocate Program in 2014. His final report card showed that he had earned an A in personal finance and music, a B in world studies and reading, and Cs in biology and algebra. He had a younger sister and brother. One of McDonald's teachers described him as "very respectful and reserved".[16] The teacher added that McDonald "was not aggressive".[16]

Toxicology reports later revealed that McDonald had PCP in his blood and urine at the time of the encounter with police.[17] Defense expert pharmacologist James Thomas O’Donnell testified that the amount found was enough to suggest he had taken the drug on the day of the shooting, and that it could cause "significant bizarre behavior".[18][19]

Jason Van Dyke

Jason D. Van Dyke (born c. 1978) was born in Hinsdale, Illinois, and graduated from Hinsdale South High School in 1996. He earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice from St. Xavier University in Chicago.[20] A 14-year veteran of the Chicago Police Department and earning a salary of $78,012, Van Dyke is married and has two children.[21][22] Since 2001, some 20 citizen complaints have been filed against Officer Van Dyke, but none resulted in disciplinary action.[23][24] Ten of the complaints allege he used excessive force, and two involve the use of a firearm.[25] A jury awarded a Chicago man $350,000 after determining Van Dyke employed excessive force during a traffic stop.[26] One complaint involved verbal abuse by Van Dyke, who used a racial slur.[27] Van Dyke was involved in preparing questionable documentation of a separate shooting in 2005.[28]

According to CNN, "the Chicago Police Department has about 12,000 officers. Like Van Dyke, 402 officers have 20 or more complaints on file in the database. The most complaints against any officer, according to the database, is 68. The database shows that of the 20 complaints against Van Dyke, none resulted in discipline. Five complaints in the database were "not sustained", five were unfounded, four resulted in exoneration, five had unknown outcomes, and one resulted in no action taken."[26]

Events

Shortly before 10:00 p.m., police were called to investigate McDonald at 4100 South Pulaski Road, responding to reports that he was carrying a knife[20][21] and breaking into vehicles in a trucking yard at 41st Street and Kildare Avenue.[29][30] When officers confronted McDonald, he used a knife with a 3-inch (7.6 cm) blade to slice the tire on a patrol vehicle and damage its windshield.[30][31] McDonald walked away from police after numerous verbal instructions from officers to drop the knife,[32] at which point responding officers requested Taser backup, according to radio recordings released December 30, 2015, to Politico and NBC Chicago in response to Illinois Freedom of Information Act requests.[33]

Video of the murder shows that Van Dyke was advancing on McDonald, while McDonald was walking away from Van Dyke when the first shot was fired. The first shot hit McDonald, who spun and fell to the ground.[34] As McDonald lay on the ground, still holding the knife, Van Dyke fired more shots into him.[35] In total, Van Dyke fired 16 shots at McDonald in 14–15 seconds, expending the maximum capacity of his 9 mm semi-automatic firearm.[32][36] Van Dyke was on the scene for less than 30 seconds before opening fire, and began shooting approximately six seconds after exiting his car.[32] The first responding officer said that he did not see the need to use force, and none of the approximately eight other officers on the scene fired their weapons.[36]

McDonald was taken to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 10:42 p.m.[37]

Initial police report

The initial police portrayals of the incident, consisting of about 400 pages of typed and handwritten reports,[38] prompted police supervisors to rule the case a justifiable homicide and within the bounds of the department's use of force guidelines.[39] The reports did not say how many times McDonald was shot, and said that McDonald was acting "crazed" and lunged at officers after refusing to drop his knife.[5] Michael D. Robbins, one of the attorneys representing the McDonald estate, said his initial thoughts were that, "I didn't think there was a case if he had lunged at a police officer", adding, "The police narrative, without exception, is that the use of force is justified and necessary, which it sometimes is."[40]

One police report described that McDonald "raised the knife across chest" and pointed it at Van Dyke.[39] Van Dyke told investigators that he feared McDonald would rush him with the knife or throw it at him, and he also recalled a 2012 Police Department bulletin warning about a knife that was also capable of firing a bullet, as well as throwing knives and also spring-loaded knives capable of propelling the blade.[39][41] One report noted that McDonald's knife, "was in the open position", but when announcing charges against Van Dyke, Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez said that the knife was found folded at the scene.[38][39]

Medical report
Diagram from McDonald's autopsy report

According to the Cook County Medical Examiner's Office's autopsy report, which was revealed by journalist Jamie Kalven through a public records request,[5][40] McDonald was shot in his neck, chest, back, both arms, and right leg, and he also had a graze wound on his left scalp.[29] Nine of the 16 shots hit McDonald's back,[42] and he was shot as he lay on the ground.[43] His death was ruled a homicide.

Dash-cam video

Five police videos of the murder are known to exist, including the view from a camera mounted in the marked police SUV that Van Dyke was riding in as he and his partner responded to the scene.[44][45] The videos show that at least eight police vehicles responded to the scene, but as of 2015 no video had been released from the other three vehicles.[44] Chicago police officers are required to make sure that their video systems are working properly,[46] and that they should "submit a ticket if they are unable to download digitally recorded data." There were no repair tickets requested by any of the three vehicles missing video on the scene that night.[47]

When video footage was initially released, it did not contain audio,[48] although Chicago Police dashboard cameras should automatically record audio when the video recording is activated. According to a CPD video, "The in-car camera system automatically engages both the audio and the video recording when the vehicles' emergency roof lights are activated," and each vehicle has a front and rear camera and microphone.[47] City officials initially blamed a technical problem.[45] It was later revealed that the audio recording equipment in officer Van Dyke's vehicle had been "intentionally damaged," according to records from police technicians.[49] Another car's audio was disabled, as the microphones were in the glove compartment, with the batteries inserted backwards. For a third, a mobile start-up recorder was corrupted, and another camera was processing other video at the time.[50] The Sun-Times published that a sergeant reported officers throwing their microphones on the roof of the Jefferson Park police station to the Internal Police Review Authority, a month and a half before the release of the Laquan McDonald dashcam video in an apparent protest against being recorded.[51] Fraternal Order of Police president Dean Angelo defended officers in an interview, saying that operator error could be any number of accidents, adding, "Things always trickle downhill so it winds up the responsibility of the beat officer—God forbid it's the responsibility of the agency."[52]

Burger King surveillance video

There was also a security camera at a nearby Burger King restaurant that possibly captured the shooting, but during the time of the shooting, there is a gap of 86 minutes[53] in the recording.[54] The manager of the restaurant said that on the night of the shooting, five Chicago police officers gained access to the video and passwords on the equipment, and that by the time the Independent Police Review Authority requested to view the footage the next day, it had been erased.[55] The Tribune later obtained footage showing a Chicago police employee working on the restaurant's computers after the shooting.[56] However, according to FBI sources, the video taken from the Burger King surveillance camera was not altered, and there were gaps throughout the surveillance video, because the system at Burger King was a "mess".[57][58]

$5 million settlement

Attorneys for the estate of Laquan McDonald entered into negotiations with the City of Chicago to settle claims arising out of his murder. The Chicago City Council approved a $5 million settlement to McDonald's family on April 15, 2015,[59] although the family had not yet filed a wrongful death lawsuit.[60] Emails from the mayor's office surrounding the case later revealed the settlement deal was finalized the day after the Mayor of Chicago, Rahm Emanuel, secured his second term by a run-off election.[61] Part of the settlement agreement required that the video be sealed until investigations were completed, which could have delayed the release of the video for years.[59][62] Aldermen were not shown the dash-cam video before approving the settlement, although city Corporation Counsel Stephen Patton said that the existence of the video influenced the council's decision to settle before a lawsuit, and details about the video were given to the Finance Committee during a hearing.[5][44] The decision took only "5 seconds out of a two hour, 45 minute meeting" to approve.[63] Dick Simpson, a UIC political scientist and former Chicago alderman, said "It's odd, not only in this case, but maybe in others, that there isn't more debate on the floor, because that's where the public gets informed."[63]

Requests for documents

Reporters noted inconsistencies between the narrative police told reporters, the autopsy, and an anonymous eyewitness account before the video was publicly released.[64] A whistle-blower expressed concern over the handling of the McDonald shooting a few weeks after the shooting, revealing "that there was a video and that it was horrific", to journalist Jamie Kalven and attorney Craig Futterman.[65][66] The pair issued a statement calling on Chicago police to release the dash-cam video of the incident.[5] The city of Chicago denied at least 15 requests for its release.[5]

Brandon Smith, a freelance journalist, and William Calloway, a community activist, filed a request for the video under the Freedom of Information Act in May 2015.[67] When the request was denied, Smith, through his attorney Matt Topic, filed a lawsuit against the City of Chicago in Cook County Circuit Court.[68] Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan sent a letter to the Police Department the day before a court hearing, stating that they cannot withhold the video. She said that they had not substantiated their claim that releasing the video would interfere with an ongoing investigation or jeopardize a fair trial if any officer was charged. On November 19, Cook County Judge Franklin Valderrama denied the city's request for a stay, ordering the video to be released to the public no later than November 25. The city did not appeal the judge's decision.[69][5] On November 24, after a press conference,[70] the video was released that showed an officer fatally shooting McDonald.[7]

Investigations

A criminal investigation also began weeks after the shooting, when the Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA) forwarded the case to the state's attorney's office and the FBI.[44] The U.S. attorney's office confirmed on April 13, 2015,[59] that they had been conducting a federal criminal investigation of the McDonald case in conjunction with the state attorney's office, after contradictions were found between the initial police report and the dash-cam video.[44] The police report said that McDonald had lunged at an officer, but the video footage showed that McDonald made no lunges.[71] The video does show that McDonald was swinging the knife in his right hand in a wide, but aimless manner as he walked down the street, and also appears to show that McDonald turns slightly to look briefly at Van Dyke and another officer who are pointing guns at him, but that he continues to walk away from both officers at the moment Van Dyke opens fire on him.[72]

On December 2, 2015, Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan asked the U.S. Justice Department to launch a separate civil rights investigation of Chicago police tactics.[44][73] DOJ enlarged the scope of their investigation based on early findings, issuing a report in January 2017 (see § 2017 DOJ report and repercussions).

Van Dyke's trial

On November 24, 2015, the same day the video was released, Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez announced that Van Dyke was charged with first-degree murder, and Van Dyke turned himself in to authorities.[74] He was initially held without bail at Cook County Jail for six days.[75][76] Crowd funding website GoFundMe shut down a page that was set up to raise funds for his legal defense[77] shortly after it had raised just over $10,000.[78] On November 30, Van Dyke was granted bail, set at $1,500,000. He posted $150,000—ten percent of the bail—and was released from jail.[8]

On December 16, Van Dyke was indicted by a grand jury on six counts of first-degree murder and one count of official misconduct.[79] The six counts of first-degree murder were:

  • Murder/Intent to Kill/Injure With Firearm,
  • Murder/Strong Probability to Kill/Injure With Firearm,
  • Murder/Intent to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm,
  • Murder/Strong Probability to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm,
  • Murder/Intent to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm Proximately, and
  • Murder/Strong Probability to Kill/Injure Discharge Firearm Proximately.[80]

On December 29, 2015, Van Dyke pleaded not guilty to the charges.[81] Van Dyke's attorney, Daniel Herbert, said that his client fears for his life. Protesters yelled at him and called him names as he approached the courthouse for his arraignment. Van Dyke had a history of complaints in his police career but was cleared in most cases. After the arraignment, Herbert said he was looking for evidence to clear his client's name.[81]

On January 29, 2016, Herbert accused Chicago's mayor of tainting possible jurors, as he considered an effort to move the trial outside of Cook county:

It's been dozens and dozens of comments where [Rahm Emanuel] essentially indicted my client. He's characterized my client's actions as being heinous without even seeing the videotape. So when the mayor of the city in which the pool of jurors is drawn from has taken such an adamant stance, it makes it extremely difficult for us to get a juror in here who is not predisposed to a finding of guilt.[82]

If convicted of first-degree murder, Van Dyke would have faced a prison sentence of 20 years to life.[83] The case marked the first time in nearly 35 years that a Chicago police officer had been charged with first-degree murder for an on-duty fatality.[75]

On March 23, 2017, the charges against Van Dyke were six counts of first degree murder and 16 counts of aggravated battery, one for each shot fired at Laquan McDonald.[84] Jury selection began on September 5, 2018, and the trial commenced on September 17.[85]

On October 5, 2018, Van Dyke was found guilty of second degree murder and 16 counts of aggravated battery with a firearm, but was acquitted of official misconduct.[9][86]

On January 18, 2019, Van Dyke was sentenced to 81 months (almost 7 years) in prison for the second-degree murder conviction alone instead of the other more serious charges, which was contrary to Illinois Supreme Court precedent.[87]

Illinois Attorney General Kwame Raoul filed a request with the Illinois Supreme Court to vacate Van Dyke's sentence for second-degree murder and impose a sentence on each of the 16 aggravated battery counts. A majority of Illinois Supreme Court Justices voted to deny this request without a hearing or explanation.[88] Two of the justices authored dissenting opinions, stating the decision of the sentencing judge had been unlawful.[89]

The Illinois Department of Corrections refused to disclose the state prison where Van Dyke was initially incarcerated to serve his sentence, citing safety reasons. He was transferred on February 5, 2019, to the Federal Correctional Institution in Danbury, Connecticut. During his first week at this facility, he was assaulted by other inmates while in the general population.[90] Sometime after the assault, he was transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution, Otisville, New York.[91] In November 2019, he was moved from the Otisville federal prison to a state prison outside Illinois.[92][93]

On February 3, 2022, Van Dyke was released from prison after serving 39 months of his 81-month sentence. He was eligible to be released early due to good behavior in prison. He was subsequently on mandatory supervised release, i.e. parole.[94][95][96][97]

Trial of March, Walsh, and Gaffney

On June 27, 2017, three current or former Chicago police officers were charged with conspiracy, official misconduct, and obstruction of justice connected with a coverup of the shooting. Those charged were David March, the lead detective in this case, Joseph Walsh, Van Dyke's partner on the night of the shooting, and Thomas Gaffney.[98] Their bench trial began on November 27, 2018,[99] and a verdict was expected by January 15, 2019.[100] On January 17, 2019, Cook County Judge Domenica Stephenson found them not guilty of the charges.[13]

Reactions

November protests
Protest on November 24, 2015, Michigan Ave., in response to recent video footage showing 17-year old Laquan McDonald being shot and killed by a Chicago police officer

After the release of the video on November 24, 2015, a few hundred people blocked the intersection of Roosevelt and Michigan avenues in protest.[101] On November 25, 2015, more protests were held.[102] On the second night of protest, marchers tore off lights from a public Christmas tree in Daley Plaza and multiple marchers were arrested.[103]

On Friday, November 27, a major day for Christmas shopping in the U.S., a group of protesters chanted "sixteen shots" and other slogans while marching on Michigan Avenue, the city of Chicago's central shopping district. This caused some businesses to shut their doors and the police closed Michigan Avenue, a six-lane street.[104][105][106]

December protests
Protest on December 9, 2015

A 16-hour sit-in at the Cook County building on December 3, 2015, proceeded after Alvarez refused to resign on December 2.[107] Protests erupted in the Loop after Mayor Emanuel called a special council meeting to apologize for his slow reaction to fix problems within the Chicago police department.[59] On December 24, a month after the video had been published, protests disrupting Christmas-season shopping were again held on Michigan Avenue.[108] Protesters also stood in the alley behind Emanuel's home the last three days in a row in December, promising to continue for 13 more days—to symbolize the 16 shots McDonald took from police—in an effort to force Emanuel to resign.[109] On New Year's Eve, protesters temporarily took over parts of City Hall and a Hyatt hotel lobby, chanting "Rahm gotta go."[110]

January protests

Over 100 African-American pastors boycotted the 30-year tradition of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Interfaith Breakfast, hosted by Chicago's mayor Rahm Emanuel. The breakfast was attended by Rev. Matthew Ross, who interrupted the proceedings when he stood up and began to chant "16 shots and a cover-up" during a musical performance.[111] The day after Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, about 200 Black Youth Project 100 Chicago Chapter members, dressed in black T-shirts with the words "Fund Black Futures" written across them, blocked the entrance of the Chicago Patrolmen's Federal Credit Union in an effort to protest the Fraternal Order of Police's advocacy of the Chicago police department. City officials continue to deal with the aftermath of the McDonald shooting and are working to change the long-standing policy of keeping police shooting video under wraps.[112] Protesters chanted "16 shots and a cover-up!" as Officer Van Dyke walked into court for a status hearing on January 29, 2016.[82]

February protests

Laquan McDonald protesters hijacked a rally to support Apple's decision to fight back in the FBI–Apple encryption dispute in front of the Apple store on Michigan Avenue on February 24, 2016. Protesters started chants against Alvarez and Emanuel, but the crowd dispersed after several in the crowd got into a shoving match with police.[113]

March protests

A rally started at State and Jackson consisting of "less than 50 people" on March 2, 2016, to mark 500 days since the shooting of Laquan McDonald. Other protesters were arrested for blocking the flow of traffic on Adams near Michigan Avenue.[114]

Other reactions

On November 25, 2015, Senator and presidential candidate Bernie Sanders released a statement sending condolences to McDonald's family and criticizing the Emanuel administration and Chicago's police force.[115]

On November 29, 2015, Jabari Dean, a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, posted an online threat to kill 16 unspecified white males — one for every shot fired at McDonald, plus any white police officers who might intervene — at the university. The university announced that classes would be cancelled the next day.[116] The same day, the FBI arrested Dean, who was charged with "transmitting in interstate commerce communications containing a threat to injure the person of another."[117] Federal prosecutors stated they did not believe Dean had the means to carry out the attack he had threatened. The federal charge was later dropped against Dean.[118]

Chance the Rapper referred to the shooting on Saturday Night Live on December 12, 2015.[119] He would refer to the shooting again on his second appearance on the show with Kanye West on February 13, 2016.[120]

On June 2, 2016, Vic Mensa released a song entitled "16 Shots", referring to McDonald's death.[121]

Aftermath

Chicago Police Accountability Task Force
The Chicago Police Accountability Task Force final report

On December 1, 2015, Rahm Emanuel created the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force, led by then-President of the Chicago Police Board Lori Lightfoot, "to review the system of accountability, oversight and training that is currently in place for Chicago's police officers."[122][123] The Task Force's final report, published April 13, 2016, found racism and systemic failures in the city's police force, validating complaints made for years by African-American residents.[124]

Firing of Superintendent Garry McCarthy

Emanuel fired the head of the Chicago Police Department, Superintendent Garry McCarthy on December 1, 2015, under political pressure from protesters.[125] McCarthy knew of the dash-cam video a few weeks after the shooting and stripped Officer Van Dyke of his police powers. Due to the IPRA investigation under way, McCarthy could not fire the officer, nor discipline him or put him on a "no pay" status.[125] McCarthy refused to resign, so Emanuel fired him.[126]

Calls for Anita Alvarez's resignation

Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez was criticized by political challengers and others for the delay in the release of the dash-cam video, which she viewed weeks after the shooting,[127] and the long wait to charge Van Dyke for McDonald's death. This took more than a year and was completed only hours before the court-ordered release of the video. She faced a difficult primary election in March 2016.[128] Calls for her resignation came from within her own party, including Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle.[129]

As of December 2, 2015, Alvarez had refused to resign, which prompted a 16-hour sit-in by protesters at the Cook County building on December 3, 2015.[107] Alvarez said she had been cooperating with the FBI investigation since November 2014, and asked her critics why she would call in the FBI if she was attempting a cover-up.[44] She also defended Mayor Rahm Emanuel's comments that it would be premature to release the dash-cam video in light of the investigation, saying it "was in the best interest of the investigation".[128] Kim Foxx, a former prosecutor running against Alvarez with support by Jesse Jackson and other civil rights leaders,[42] disagrees:

By waiting so long to press charges in this case, State's Attorney Alvarez has done the McDonald family and the entire criminal justice system a heinous disservice. She waited until her hand was forced by intense political and media pressure surrounding the release of this painful video. She waited even after City Hall was prepared to pay the McDonald family $5 million in damages.[128]

In the 2016 election for Cook County State's Attorney, Alvarez was the subject of an activist campaign (sometimes referred to as "#ByeAnita") that criticized her for her handling of the Lacquan McDonald and Rekia Boyd cases, along with her broader role in the criminal justice system.[130][131] Alvarez lost her bid for reelection in the March 2016 primary, earning 29 percent of the votes. Challenger Kim Foxx, who ran on a platform of criminal justice reform, won with 58 percent of the votes, and went on to win the general election.[132][133]

Calls for Rahm Emanuel's resignation

McDonald's killing occurred four months before Emanuel faced a difficult campaign for reelection in February 2015. (He failed to win the majority and was elected by 56 percent in a runoff election—the first in Chicago's history— against Jesús "Chuy" García).[42][134] The delayed timing of release of the video, the Chicago City Council's awarding the family $5 million within weeks of McDonald's death,[42] and Emanuel firing Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy,[127] prompted some commentators to accuse the city of cover-up.

Journalist Ben Joravsky wrote in the Chicago Reader:

Just imagine [if] Mayor Emanuel had released the video in, say, November [2014]—without being forced to by a lawsuit.... But of course, he didn't do the right thing. He buried the video. He allowed officials to mislead the public. He hid the tapes because most likely he [...] assumed it would hurt his reelection campaign. Thus he not only did the immoral thing, he did the politically stupid thing. Cook County state's attorney Anita Alvarez probably would've quickly responded with an indictment—just like she did earlier this week, when the tape actually was released. I mean, it's really hard to look at that tape and not call for an indictment. If the mayor had done that, he wouldn't be the villain in this sordid story. He'd be the hero. Or at least the guy who finally, for once in his life, did the right thing.[135]

Emanuel subsequently created the Task Force on Police Accountability to review current training and oversight for Chicago's police officers.[136][137] He also maintained he never saw the dash-cam video until it was publicly released and would not resign.[137] Emanuel's image received a blow when U.S. District Judge Edmond Chang accused city attorney Jordan Marsh, an attorney who handled cases in the office that represents the city in police misconduct lawsuits, of hiding evidence in a fatal police shooting.[138]

There was no legal mechanism to force Emanuel's resignation.[139] State representative La Shawn K. Ford filed House Bill 4356 to set up the mechanism for a recall election,[140] but it was not passed. Illinois Republican governor Bruce Rauner said he would sign such a bill.[141]

Video released of shooting of Ronald Johnson III

On December 1, 2015, the city announced that there was a video of a fatal police shooting that took place on October 12, 2014.[59] Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez's office investigated possible criminal charges against Officer George Hernandez (whose name was revealed on December 7),[142] who shot Ronald Johnson III in the back during a foot chase. The officer opened fire seconds after arriving on the scene, when Johnson was moving away from police.[73] Johnson was allegedly a known gang member and also allegedly armed; a gun was recovered at the scene. The attorney for Johnson's family contends police planted the weapon.[73] The city fought to keep the video of the incident secret so as not to jeopardize the officer's right to a fair trial should he be indicted.[73] As in the McDonald case, the video lacks audio.[44] The city released the video on December 7 due to pressure for transparency prompted by the McDonald case. No charges have been filed against Hernandez.[44][142]

De-escalation and Taser training

On December 30, 2015, Emanuel announced sweeping reforms within the police department, including new police training for handling tense situations and equipping every officer with a Taser, to be used to control suspects. All officers were to be equipped and trained by June 2016.[143] Officers at the McDonald scene were waiting for a Taser to arrive before Van Dyke shot the suspect. At that time, 21.5 percent of officers had been trained to use a Taser.[144]

Dean Angelo, president of the Chicago chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police, said on the subject: "I know there are people on the job for 9 or 10 years who have not been trained. I can't say they have all requested training, but I am sure some have. It's very hard to get the proper training as a Chicago police officer and that's something that has been going on for a very long time. There is certainly a percentage of my members who believe that the Chicago Police Department doesn't offer the same level of training, or the same opportunities to obtain training, as many other police departments in the country. I think the general attitude is that's just 'Welcome to the Chicago Police Department.'"[144]

Emails from the mayor's office released

On December 31, 2015, 3,085 pages of emails[145] split across seven PDFs[146] regarding the McDonald case and other police-related matters were obtained under the Illinois Freedom of Information Act. The timing of the release (on New Year's Eve) has been described by reporters as "strategic".[61][147] The exchanges show that the mayor's staff had been communicating with both the IPRA and the office of the Cook County state attorney since the October 2014 shooting. They document fact-gathering and news-monitoring, to crafting a unified "message" on how to respond to media inquiries regarding the McDonald shooting. The emails included several highly redacted speech drafts to use if the video was released,[56][145] prepared nearly a year before the release of the dash-cam video, which Emanuel's top aides knew existed.[56][148] The emails also cover the topics of discrepancies between the police reports and dash-cam video, the lack of audio on the dash-cam videos (which senior mayoral adviser David Spielfogel noted: "The number of malfunctions seems a bit odd."), express exasperation with statements made by the IPRA, note the missing Burger King footage, and reports on protests and social media activity—all of which is highly redacted.[146]

The media characterized the emails as calling into question the "independence" of the Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA), an agency approved by Chicago City Hall in 2007 to investigate allegations of police misconduct and made up entirely of civilian members.[149] Aides to the mayor have responded that the communications were routine and did not interfere with the IPRA's investigation.[145]

Scott Ando, the former head of the IPRA who was fired by Emanuel in December, concurred that the mayor's office never interfered in the agency's investigations. He said: "We were generally asked to clear every messaging or release to the press ... I really think if I'd been allowed to be more responsive to the questions that were posed, it would have cleared the air a lot sooner."[148] Adam Collins, a spokesperson for the mayor, has defended the mayor's office to the media, saying, "The mayor's office obviously does not direct investigations, nor are any employees involved in those investigations."

In a May 26 email to Janey Rountree, Deputy Chief of Staff for Public Safety, Collins wrote: "Against my recommendation, IPRA has already provided this response that was a little antagonistic. I've asked that they follow up with this as well to soften and reinforce their message." The emails also reveal communication from the mayor's office with influential religious leaders Reverend Jesse Jackson and Father Michael Pfleger, asking them to soften their critical remarks on the case and explain the city could not fire Officer Van Dyke due to the IPRA investigation.[56][145]

Several persons, including Streetsblog Chicago reporter Steven Vance, Chicago Teachers Union member Luke Carman, and Twitter user "natalie solidarity", and others, collaborated on an effort to catalog the documents for easier access by readers.[146]

Request for emails from Van Dyke and other police officers
Main article: Illinois Public Access Opinion 16-006

In January 2016, CNN submitted a Freedom of Information Act request for emails regarding the McDonald case from Van Dyke, his partner, and other police officers. CNN requested emails from both official CPD email accounts and personal email accounts. However, after CNN appealed to the Public Access Counselor, CPD officials revealed that they had not attempted to look through the officers' personal email accounts, arguing that personal emails are not public records subject to disclosure.[150]

In August that year, Attorney General Lisa Madigan ruled that emails on personal accounts that pertain to public business must be disclosed to the public. Her ruling was a binding opinion, requiring CPD to search the officers' email accounts and comply with the decision within 35 days.[151] CPD appealed the ruling in court, and lost in September 2017. Ultimately, CNN never received the emails that it had requested. Each of the officers, individually or through their attorneys, either refused to provide emails, ignored the request, or denied having any relevant emails.[150]

Documents from 2005 Incident

In May 2016, CNN revealed documents of a 2005 incident, in which Van Dyke had written a police report without speaking to any of the personnel or witnesses at the scene of another police shooting. Records of the investigation indicated that Van Dyke had also inappropriately thrown out the original documents pertaining to the case.[152]

Two recommendations that officers be fired

On August 16, 2016, inspector Joseph Ferguson recommended that 10 officers be fired, followed up by Superintendent Eddie T. Johnson's recommendation on August 18, that 7 police officers be fired for false or misleading statements made about the incident.[153]

2017 DOJ report and repercussions

DOJ announced the completion of their investigation and issued a "scathing report" in early January 2017, noting problems in a police culture of excessive violence, especially against minorities; and lack of training and oversight. DOJ and the city have a preliminary agreement to undertake broad reforms for improvement, with the goal of increasing the safety of both citizens and officers. It noted the department's improvements, such as training in de-escalation to avoid use of force, issuance of Tasers, officers wearing body cameras, and the reshaping of a police oversight body.[154]

Also in January 2017, the city and DOJ signed "an agreement in principle to work together, with community input, to create a federal court-enforceable consent decree addressing the deficiencies uncovered during the investigation. An independent monitor, who has yet to be chosen, will oversee compliance."[155]

In February 2017, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions signaled that the Trump administration would "pull back" on federal civil rights probes of local police departments. He would not commit to enforcing the consent decree signed by Chicago and the Department of Justice.[156]

In June 2017, Mayor Emanuel backed off his commitment to enter a court-enforced agreement with the federal government. He said that an independent monitor selected by the city could work with the Justice Department to pursue police reforms without court oversight.[157][158] Later that month, a group of civil rights organizations filed a federal lawsuit seeking court enforcement of police reforms.[159] Also in June, Toni Preckwinkle, the president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, and Jesús "Chuy" García, another member of the Cook County Board, advocated for judicial oversight,[160] as did Chicago Inspector General Joseph Ferguson.[161] In August 2017, Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed a lawsuit in federal court requesting that a judge oversee police reform in Chicago.[162]

In July 2018, Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel and Illinois attorney general Lisa Madigan announced a proposed court settlement that was the first draft of a consent decree that would eventually serve as a court-enforced mandate governing reforms of the Chicago Police Department.[163]

Documentary film

16 Shots is a documentary film about the shooting of Laquan McDonald and the subsequent police cover-up. It was directed by Richard Rowley, and produced by Jacqueline Soohen and Jamie Kalven. Originally titled The Blue Wall, it premiered on May 1, 2018, at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto.[164][165]

Rowley subsequently updated the film to include later events, and re-titled it 16 Shots. The revised documentary premiered on June 14, 2019, on the Showtime network.[166][167][168]

See also

References
  1. Sanburn, Josh (November 24, 2015). "Chicago Releases Video of Laquan McDonald Shooting". Time. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  2. Diaz, Jaclyn (January 14, 2022). "Ex-Chicago cop who killed Laquan McDonald will be released from prison early". NPR.
  3. Davey, Monica; Smith, Mitch (November 24, 2015). "Chicago Braces After Video of Police Shooting Is Released". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  4. Mosendz, Polly (November 24, 2015). "Chicago Officials Release Video of White Police Officer Shooting Black Teenager Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine." Newsweek.
  5. Levine, Sam (November 25, 2015). "Chicago Police Really Didn't Want To Release Video Of A Cop Shooting Laquan McDonald 16 Times". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  6. Glenza, Jessica (January 1, 2016). "Chicago officials delayed release of Laquan McDonald shooting video". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  7. Meisner, Jason; Gorner, Jeremy and Schmadeke, Steve (November 24, 2015). Chicago releases dash-cam video of fatal shooting after cop charged with murder". Chicago Tribune.
  8. Schmadeke, Steve (November 30, 2014). "Chicago cop free after posting $1.5 million bail in Laquan McDonald's shooting Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Tribune.
  9. "Jason Van Dyke Is Guilty of Murder in the Death of Laquan McDonald". The New York Times. October 5, 2018. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  10. Pilkington, Ed (December 3, 2015). "Laquan McDonald shooting puts Rahm Emanuel in battle over the truth". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  11. Davey, Monica; Smith, Mitch (June 27, 2017). "3 Chicago Officers Charged With Conspiracy in Laquan McDonald Case". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  12. Crepeau, Megan (November 14, 2017). "No more indictments against cops in handling of Laquan McDonald shooting". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  13. "Chicago Cops Found Not Guilty In Cover-Up Of Laquan McDonald Shooting". NPR.org. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
  14. Kane, Denise (January 2016). "Report to the Governor and the General Assembly" (PDF). Illinois.gov. Office of the Inspector General, Illinois Department of Children and Family Services. pp. 52–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  15. Heinzmann, David (December 2, 2015). "The complicated, short life of Laquan McDonald". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  16. "Who Was Laquan McDonald?". November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  17. Gorner, Jeremy (April 15, 2015). "PCP found in body of teen shot 16 times by Chicago cop". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  18. Seidel, Jon (September 27, 2018). "Van Dyke Trial Day 15: Officers taught to 'shoot until the threat is eliminated'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  19. "Van Dyke 'was taught to shoot rapidly,' police instructor says". wgntv.com. September 27, 2018. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  20. Sweeney, Annie; Meisner, Jason (November 25, 2014). "A moment by moment account of what the Laquan McDonald video shows". Chicago Tribune.
  21. Ford, Dana; Botelho, Greg (November 24, 2015). "Chicago protesters march as police release video of officer shooting teen Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  22. "Chicago cop charged with murder in killing of black teen". CBS News. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  23. Rogers, Phil (November 25, 2015). "City Records Show Officer in Laquan McDonald Shooting Had Previous Complaints Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago.
  24. "Citizens Police Data Project". cpdb.co. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  25. Castillejo, Esther (November 25, 2014). "Chicago Cop Charged in Teen’s Slaying Has History of Complaints for Misconduct Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". ABC News. November 28, 2015.
  26. McLaughlin, Elliot C. (November 26, 2015). "Chicago officer had history of complaints before Laquan McDonald shooting Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". CNN.
  27. "Complaints Against Police Officer Jason Van Dyke". The New York Times. November 18, 2015. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  28. "Cop in Laquan McDonald video tied to another police shooting death". Chicago Tribune. December 2, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  29. Gorner, Jeremy; Meisner, Jason (April 14, 2015). "FBI investigating death of teen shot 16 times by Chicago cop". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  30. Sanburn, Josh (November 24, 2015). "Chicago Releases Video of Laquan McDonald Shooting". Time. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  31. Ford, Quinn (October 21, 2014). "Cops: Boy, 17, fatally shot by officer after refusing to drop knife". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  32. Good, Dan (November 24, 2015). "Chicago police officer Jason Van Dyke emptied his pistol and reloaded as teen Laquan McDonald lay on ground during barrage; cop charged with murder for firing 16 times". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  33. Chen, Kelly (December 24, 2015). "Audio Of Laquan McDonald Shooting Released Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  34. "City Releases Graphic Video Of Laquan McDonald Shooting Tuesday Afternoon Archived December 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine" (November 24, 2015). CBS Chicago. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  35. Marnati, Raeanna (November 24, 2015). "WARNING: (Graphic Video) Video Released of Chicago Fatal Officer-Involved Shooting". Fox 21. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  36. "Laquan McDonald: How a Chicago teenager was shot dead by police". BBC News. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  37. Levine, Sam (November 25, 2015). "Here's How The Laquan McDonald Shooting Differs From What Police Said Happened". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  38. Medina, John (December 8, 2015). "New Discrepancies in Laquan McDonald Case Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Dispatch Times. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  39. Tareen, Sophia (December 5, 2015). "Chicago cops' versions of Laquan McDonald killing at odds with video". The Associated Press via The Herald-News. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  40. Dumke, Mick; Novak, Tim (December 19, 2015). "$1 million per shot — how Laquan McDonald settlement unfolded after that initial demand Archived December 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  41. "Obscure knife-gun cited in Chicago police shooting case Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine" (December 5, 2015). The Associated Press. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  42. Louis, Errol (December 2, 2015). "Chicago politics: How justice was delayed for Laquan McDonald Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". CNN. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  43. Davey, Monica; Smith, Mitch (December 6, 2015). "Justice Officials to Investigate Chicago Police Department After Laquan McDonald Case Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  44. Meisner, Jason (December 5, 2015). "The lingering questions in Laquan McDonald shooting case, video". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  45. Gorner, Jeremy (December 4, 2015). "Chicago officials release Burger King video from Laquan McDonald shooting". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  46. "Special Order S03-05: In-Car Video Systems". chicagopolice.org. February 23, 2012. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015.
  47. Marin, Carol; Moseley, Don (November 13, 2015). "Chicago Police Dashboard Cameras Questioned in Death of Teen Shot By Cop Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago.
  48. Marin, Carol; Moseley, Don (July 15, 2015). "Audio Missing on Dashcam Video of Teen Shot 16 Times by Chicago Cop: Attorneys Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago.
  49. Konkol, Mark; Biasco, Paul (January 27, 2016). "Chicago Police Hid Mics, Destroyed Dashcams To Block Audio, Records Show Archived January 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". DNAinfo Chicago. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  50. Marin, Carol; Moseley, Don (February 11, 2016). "Police Documents Reveal Why Dashcam Video of Laquan McDonald Shooting Was Missing Audio". NBC Chicago. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  51. 22 police shootings in Chicago this year — and no audio in any". Chicago-Sun Times. Retrieved February 14, 2016. Main, Frank; Dumke, Mick (December 19, 2015). Archived February 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  52. Lartey, Jamiles (January 28, 2016). "Laquan McDonald shooting: officer's dashcam mic 'intentionally destroyed' Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". The Guardian. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  53. Marin, Carol; Moseley, Don (May 26, 2015). "Missing Minutes From Security Video Raises Questions Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago.
  54. Marin, Carol; Moseley, Don (November 24, 2015). "Alvarez Addresses Missing Minutes From Security Video Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago.
  55. Hensley, Nicole (November 27, 2015). "Burger King manager believes Chicago cops deleted surveillance footage after Laquan McDonald shooting". www.nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  56. Ruthhart, Bill; St. Clair, Stacy; Chase, John (December 31, 2015). "New emails show Emanuel City Hall scramble on Laquan McDonald shooting Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  57. Spielman, Fran; Main, Frank (November 30, 2015). "Source: FBI finds Burger King video not altered in Laquan McDonald case Archived December 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Sun-Times.
  58. "Burger King video of McDonald shooting not tampered with: sources". WGN-TV. December 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  59. Dodge, John (December 7, 2015). "Timeline: The Shootings Of Laquan McDonald, Ronald Johnson Archived December 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". CBS Chicago. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  60. Bailey, Marissa (October 21, 2014). "Police Shoot, Kill Knife-Wielding Teen On South Side". CBS Chicago. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  61. Shepherd, Kate (January 7, 2016). "Emails Show City Fought To Keep The Laquan McDonald Video Secret Archived January 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Chicagoist. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  62. "Chicago officials delayed release of Laquan McDonald shooting video Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine" (January 1, 2016). The Guardian. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  63. Placko, Dane (December 10, 2015). "City Council took just seconds to approve $5M Laquan McDonald settlement Archived December 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". Fox 32 Chicago. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  64. Kalven, Jamie. "Sixteen Shots: Chicago police have told their version of how 17-year-old black teen Laquan McDonald died. The autopsy tells a different story. Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine" Slate. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  65. Black, Curtis (November 24, 2015). "How Chicago tried to cover up an execution Archived January 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  66. Futterman, Craig and Jamie Kalven (December 8, 2014). "Laquan McDonald Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Invisible Institute. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  67. Garcia, John (November 25, 2015). "Journalist, activist led effort to release Laquan McDonald video." Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine ABC 7 Chicago. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  68. "Chicago judge orders police to release video of black teen's shooting death". Reuters. November 19, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  69. "AG: Chicago cops should release shooting video of black teen". CBS News. AP. November 18, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  70. Watch Chicago news conference on fatal police shooting of Laquan McDonald, YouTube, archived from the original on February 10, 2021, retrieved November 25, 2015
  71. Legum, Judd (November 24, 2015). "What Police Said About The Killing Of Laquan McDonald Before The Video Showed What Really Happened". Think Progress. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  72. DNAinfo Chicago (November 24, 2015). "Dashcam Video of Officer Jason Van Dyke Shooting Laquan McDonald". Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2015 – via YouTube.
  73. Meisner, Jason; Walberg, Matthew (December 2, 2015). "City wavering on keeping video secret in another fatal Chicago police shooting Archived December 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  74. Shoichet, Catherine E. (November 24, 2015). "Laquan McDonald video: Shot teen spins, falls to ground". CNN. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  75. Gorner, Jeremy; Sweeney, Annie; Meisner, Jason (November 23, 2015). "Cop in dash-cam video to face murder charge". Chicago Tribune.
  76. Mitchell, Mary (November 21, 2015). "Mitchell: More than police bullets killed Laquan McDonald". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015.
  77. "Jason Van Dyke Bond Fund". GoFundMe. November 23, 2015. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015.
  78. "GoFundMe Removes Page to Help Cop Charged With Murder". NBC Chicago. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  79. "Grand Jury Officer Jason Van Dyke Indicts On Six Counts Of Murder In Laquan McDonald Shooting". CBS Chicago. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  80. "Full text: Jason Van Dyke indictment". Chicago Tribune. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  81. Fantz, Ashley (December 29, 2015). "Chicago cop pleads not guilty in Laquan McDonald killing". CNN. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  82. Schmadeke, Steve (January 29, 2016). "Cop's attorney says mayor overstepped in remarks on Laquan McDonald shooting". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  83. Huffstutter, P.J. (November 24, 2015). "Chicago charges officer in black teen's death, releases video of shooting". Yahoo! News. Reuters. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  84. Husain, Nausheen (October 20, 2017). "Laquan Mcdonald timeline: the shooting, the video and the fallout". Chicago Tribune.
  85. "Laquan McDonald Shooting, Jason Van Dyke Case Timeline". ABC 7. Chicago. September 25, 2018. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  86. Sanchez, Ray. "Officer Jason Van Dyke found guilty of second-degree murder in Laquan McDonald killing". CNN. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  87. Zorn, Eric; et al. "Van Dyke's Controversial 'nearly seven year' sentence explained". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  88. "No re-sentencing for Chicago policeman in Laquan McDonald murder,..." Reuters. March 19, 2019. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  89. "Illinois Supreme Court Order 124535" (PDF). Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  90. Ortiz, Eric. "Ex-Chicago police officer who killed Laquan McDonald attacked in prison, wife says". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  91. "Jason Van Dyke moved to NY prison Forbes called one of nation's 'cushiest'". wgntv.com. March 13, 2019. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  92. Seidel, Jon; Charles, Sam (November 26, 2019). "Van Dyke Leaves Federal Custody for a State Prison Outside Illinois". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  93. Masterson, Matt (November 27, 2019). "Jason Van Dyke Being Held in Maryland Facility". WTTW. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  94. Grimm, Andy (January 14, 2022). "Jason Van Dyke to be released from prison Feb. 3". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  95. Diaz, Jaclyn (January 14, 2022). "Ex-Chicago cop who killed Laquan McDonald will be released from prison early". NPR. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  96. Jimenez, Omar (February 3, 2022). "16 Shots and an Early Release: Former Officer Jason Van Dyke, Who Killed Laquan Mcdonald, Leaves Prison". CNN. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  97. Meisner, Jason; Crepeau, Megan (February 3, 2022). "Ex-Chicago Cop Jason Van Dyke Has Been Released from Custody after Serving 3 1/4 Years for the Murder of Laquan Mcdonald". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  98. Husain, Nausheen (October 20, 2017). "Laquan McDonald timeline: The shooting, the video and the verdict". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
  99. Crepeau, Megan; St. Clair, Stacy; Meisner, Jason (November 27, 2018). "Trial opens with lawyers sparring over evidence in alleged police cover-up of Laquan McDonald shooting". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  100. Masterson, Matt (December 19, 2018). "Verdict in Laquan McDonald Conspiracy Trial to Come Jan. 15, 2019". WTTW. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  101. Johnson, Alex (December 29, 2015). "Protesters Block Chicago Streets Over Video of Laquan McDonald's Killing". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  102. Botelho, Greg (November 25, 2015). "Peaceful protests after release of shooting video". CNN. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  103. "Arrests Made After Protesters Destroy Part of City Christmas Tree". NBC Chicago. November 25, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  104. Davey, Monica; Smith, Mitch (November 27, 2015). "Anger Over Killing by Police Halts Shopping in Chicago". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  105. Guarino, Mark (November 27, 2015). "Protesters shut down Chicago's 'Magnificent Mile' in demonstrations over police slaying of Laquan McDonald". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  106. Janssen, Kim (November 28, 2015). "Some Black Friday shoppers balk at Laquan McDonald protests on Mag Mile". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  107. "Anita Alvarez comes out swinging as protesters call for her resignation Archived September 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". ABC 7 Chicago. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  108. Michael Martinez and Ryan Young, CNN (December 24, 2015). "Protests disrupt shopping on Chicago's Michigan Avenue - CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2015. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  109. Le Mignot, Suzanne (December 31, 2015). "Laquan McDonald Protesters Gather At Mayor’s Home, City Hall Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". CBS Chicago. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  110. "5th floor at the City Hall is echoing with Rahm gotta go chants. #ResignRahm #StopTheCops". Twitter. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  111. Ruthhart, Bill; Perez Jr., Juan (January 15, 2016). "Protests, boycott greet Emanuel at MLK breakfast". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  112. Eltagouri, Marwa (January 16, 2016). "Protesters block access to police credit union". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  113. Vivanco, Leonor and Tony Briscoe (February 24, 2016). "Rally to support Apple overwhelmed by Laquan McDonald protesters". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  114. Blakely, Derrick (March 2, 2016). "Demonstrators March Through Loop To Protest Police Shootings Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". CBS Chicago. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  115. "Sanders Statement on Laquan McDonald (press release)". BernieSanders.com. November 25, 2015. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  116. Zimmer, Robert J. (November 29, 2015). "Monday Classes and Activities at Hyde Park Campus Canceled Due to Threat". UChicago News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  117. Cohen, Jodi (November 30, 2015). "Man charged in threat at University of Chicago linked to Laquan McDonald shooting". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  118. Cholke, Sam (November 30, 2015). "Court Documents Say Jabari Dean Vowed To Kill 'White Devils' At U of C". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on December 1, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  119. "Chance the Rapper references Laquan McDonald case on 'SNL'". WGN TV. December 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  120. Tribune, Chicago (February 15, 2016). "Watch Chance the Rapper reference Laquan McDonald case again on 'SNL'". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  121. "Vic Mensa - 16 Shots Lyrics". Genius. June 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  122. Mayor's Press Office (December 1, 2015). "Mayor Emanuel Announces Task Force on Police Accountability." Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine The City of Chicago's Official Site. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  123. Black, Curtis (January 17, 2019). "Is Lori Lightfoot really the progressive candidate?". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  124. Police Accountability Task Force. "Recommendations for Reform: Restoring Trust between the Chicago Police and the Communities they Serve" Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. April 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  125. "Chicago police chief fired amid Laquan McDonald fallout Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine" (December 1, 2015). CBS. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  126. Goudie, Chuck; Markoff, Barb (December 17, 2015). "Chicago police Supt. Garry McCarthy wouldn't resign, so he was fired Archived January 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". ABC 7 Chicago; Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  127. McClelland, Edward (December 2, 2015). "Rahm Emanuel’s Nixon moment: The Laquan McDonald coverup will be his legacy Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Salon. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  128. "Alvarez Defends Herself, Mayor Emanuel in Timing of Charges in Laquan McDonald Case Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  129. Chicago politicians join calls for Anita Alvarez's Resignation Archived December 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". ABC 7 Chicago. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  130. "#ByeAnita: Chicago Voters Oust State's Attorney Anita Alvarez". www.colorlines.com. March 16, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  131. "#ByeAnita: State's Attorney Ouster is Victory for Chicago Grassroots". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  132. Lulay, Stephanie and Erica Demarest (March 15, 2016). "Anita Alvarez Loses, Concedes State's Attorney's Race to Kim Foxx Archived August 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". DNA Info. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  133. Hewett, Lucy (December 10, 2018). "Kim Foxx Wants to Tell You a Story". Chicago magazine. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  134. Bosman, Julie (April 7, 2015). "Rahm Emanuel Wins Runoff Election to Secure 2nd Term as Chicago Mayor Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  135. Joravsky, Ben (November 27, 2015). "Rahm could've been the hero in the McDonald shooting Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Reader. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  136. "Chicago Police Chief Fired Amid Laquan McDonald Fallout Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine" (December 1, 2015). CBS News. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  137. Davey, Monica (December 2, 2015). "Rahm Emanuel Says He Won’t Resign Over Police Shooting and Video Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  138. Babwin, Don (January 6, 2016). "Ex-Chicago attorney's cases examined after judge's ruling". SF Gate. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  139. Wan, William; Guarino, Mark (January 2, 2016). "In Chicago, distrust toward mayor has turned 'personal' Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  140. Marin, Carol (December 11, 2015). "'Change Is Needed': Family of Laquan McDonald Speaks Publicly for First Time Since Video Release Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  141. Brown, Mark (January 4, 2016). "Brown: Rauner endorses recall bill; ‘very disappointed’ in Rahm Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago-Sun Times. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  142. Associated Press; Bradley, Tahman; WGN Web Desk (December 7, 2015). "Video of Chicago police shooting Ronald Johnson released; no charges filed Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". WGN TV. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  143. Rogers, Phil (December 30, 2015). "'Force Can Be the Last Option': Mayor Emanuel Announces New Taser Requirement for Chicago Police Department Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". NBC Chicago. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  144. Kadner, Phil (December 10, 2015). "Only 1 in 5 Chicago cops certified to use Tasers". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  145. Fusco, Chris; Dumke, Mick (January 2, 2016). "Emails reveal City Hall struggle to quell Laquan McDonald crisis Archived January 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  146. Burns, Rebecca (January 5, 2016). "The Laquan McDonald Email Dump Shows Rahm Emanuel's Administration in Crisis Mode Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". In These Times. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  147. Joravsky, Ben (January 6, 2016). "Surprise: City's Laquan McDonald e-mails show Emanuel's staff trying to cover his ass Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Reader. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  148. Dumke, Mick; Fusco, Chris; Hussain, Rummana (December 31, 2015). "Mayor's office, IPRA discussed Laquan McDonald case, emails show Archived January 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  149. "City of Chicago Independent Police Review Authority: About Us" (2007). IPRA Website. Retrieved January 3, 2016. (archived from the original on January 24, 2016)
  150. Dumke, Mick. "The Laquan McDonald Shooting Keeps Exposing Critical Flaws in Illinois' Freedom of Information Act". ProPublica. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  151. Madigan, Lisa (August 9, 2016). "Public Access Opinion 16-006" (PDF). Illinois Attorney General. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  152. "Chicago cop charged in Laquan McDonald murder tied to another police-involved shooting". Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  153. "Data: Laquan McDonald timeline: The shooting, the video, and the fallout". October 20, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
  154. Cheryl Corley, "DOJ Report On Chicago Police Finds 'Pattern Of Excessive Force'" Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, NPR All Things Considered, January 13, 2017; accessed January 14, 2017
  155. Morgan Winsor, "5 Takeaways From Scathing Department of Justice Report on Chicago Policing Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, ABC News, January 13, 2017; accessed January 14, 2017
  156. Byrne, John; Wilber, Del Quentin; Hinkel, Dan (March 1, 2017). "Concerns Mount over Chicago Cop Reform as Sessions Vows to 'Pull Back'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  157. Hinkel, Dan; Sweeney, Alice; Ruthhart, Bill (June 2, 2017). "Emanuel Backs Off from Commitment to Court Oversight of Chicago Police Reform". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  158. Ruthhart, Bill (June 6, 2017). "Emanuel, Trump Justice Department Mum on Who Backed Away from CPD Court Oversight". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  159. Hinkel, Dan (June 14, 2017). "Federal Lawsuit Seeks to Force Court Oversight of Chicago Police Reform". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  160. Ruthhart, Bill; Dardick, Hal (June 19, 2017). "Preckwinkle, Garcia Push Emanuel on Federal Court Oversight of Police Reform". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  161. Byrne, John (June 27, 2017). "Emanuel's Own Watchdog Says Court-Enforced Police Department Oversight Needed". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  162. Dardick, Hal; Meisner, Jason (August 29, 2017). "AG Madigan Sues to Enforce Chicago Police Reform; Emanuel Pledges Cooperation". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  163. Hinkel, Dan; Ruthhart, Bill (July 27, 2018). "'This Agreement Will Stand the Test of Time': Mayor Emanuel, AG Madigan Unveil Draft Plan for Chicago Police Department Reform". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 28, 2018. Madigan and Emanuel stood side by side to announce the agreement, marking the latest step in a process geared toward long-lasting change to Chicago policing. Those efforts were ignited by the controversial Laquan McDonald police shooting, which resulted in weeks of street protests, accusations of a City Hall cover-up and a U.S. Department of Justice investigation that found widespread problems in the department.
  164. Zorn, Eric (May 4, 2018). "Coming Soon: A Laquan Mcdonald Documentary That Makes the Story Even Worse". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  165. Wilner, Norman (April 25, 2018). "Hot Docs Review: The Blue Wall". Now Magazine. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  166. Hipes, Patrick (May 14, 2019). "16 Shots: Laquan McDonald Shooting Documentary Gets Showtime Premiere Date & Trailer". Deadline. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  167. Phillips, Michael (June 3, 2019). "16 Shots Documentary Review: On Chicago's Mean Streets, Who Controls the Narrative?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  168. Zorn, Eric (June 13, 2019). "Laquan Mcdonald Documentary Glosses Over the Lingering Outrage of the Notorious Case". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.