Jewel Carmen

Carmen was born Florence Lavina Quick on July 13, 1897[4] in Portland, Oregon,[lower-alpha 1] to Amos William and Minerva Quick.[7] Her father was a native of Kentucky, and her mother was born in Arkansas.[6] Amos worked as a farmer and carpenter to support the family.[7] She had two older sisters, Alice and Edna; one older brother, Fred; one younger sister, Alberta;[6] and a younger brother, Henry.[7] She also had two other sisters, Louella and Florence, both of whom died during her childhood.[7]

Quick spent her early years near Tillamook, Oregon living on a farm before the family returned to Portland in 1900, where she attended Mount Tabor School[7] and St. Mary's Academy.[8] In 1911, Amos left his wife and children to seek work in Los Angeles.[7]

In February 1912, Quick moved with her mother to Los Angeles, following her father; she aspired to be an actress.[7] Within two weeks, she found work as a film extra for the DeMille Company.[7] Shortly after, her siblings, who had temporarily remained in Portland, also moved to Los Angeles.[7] Quick made her film debut in the 1912 film The Will of Destiny, credited as Florence La Vinci, and subsequently appeared in several films for Keystone Studios, including The Ragtime Band, using the name Evelyn Quick, because the studio mandated performers be age 16 or older, she lied about her age, claiming to be 17.[7] Throughout early 1913, Carmen appeared in minor roles in numerous films for Mack Sennett under this name.[9]

Quick in a 1913 newspaper article about her statutory-rape case

In April 1913, Quick was involved in one of the first major scandals in Hollywood:[7] A grand jury had indicted 35-year-old William La Casse, a wealthy automobile dealer, on charges of statutory rape.[7] La Casse had been investigated over a potential connection to a white slavery ring, but his relationship with a then-15-year-old Quick was uncovered.[7] However, La Casse denied that the two had been intimate.[7] Quick testified against him in court, also implicating William Hollingsworth, a friend of La Casse, in having intimate relations with her.[10] Quick's elder sister Alice also testified that she had witnessed Quick and La Casse together on several occasions.[11] One article covering the case claimed that, during a preliminary examination, it was stated that Quick had been an orphan and was adopted by her parents Amos and Minerva.[10] Because Quick did not possess a birth certificate proving herself a minor, the grand jury attempted to use other means—including sworn testimony from Minerva and the recorded names and birthdates in the Quicks' family Bible—as evidence.[12] However, with the jury lacking sufficient evidence proving Quick's age, and after the failure of two witnesses to appear in court (one of them being Quick),[13] the charges against La Casse were dropped.[14]

Following the scandal, Quick resumed her career in films using the name Jewel Carmen, and she appeared in Daphne and the Pirate (1916) with Lillian Gish and in D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916).[15]

Carmen as the character Cosette in Les Misérables (1917)

In 1917, Carmen contracted with Fox Film Corporation, but finding the deal unsatisfactory, she started a contract with the Keeney Corporation in 1918 while her first contract remained in effect.[16][17] Fox sent Keeney notice of its previous contract, warning that it would hold Keeney responsible for assisting her in breaking it[16] and promising to indemnify Keeney against legal retaliation.[18] Carmen launched two lawsuits against Fox, one to attempt to free herself of the obligation of fulfilling her contract and another to seek redress for their interference with her contract with Keeney.[18]

Key to the issues was the question of where the contracts had been made: New York or California. Fox's offices were located in New York; Carmen was a resident of California. By California law, Carmen was an adult when the contract was signed; by New York law, which granted majority at 21, she was not. If not an adult, she could not be legally held to the document she had signed.[19] Although Carmen initially won the first lawsuit, having the contracts set aside and receiving damages of $43,500 from Fox, the decision was overturned on appeal because she had "unclean" hands, having herself treated Fox unfairly.[18][20][21][22] She won her second case because Fox's interference with her employment with Keeney had been outside the law, but Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo made clear that he did not approve of the legal loophole that allowed Carmen to break her contract with Fox.[18][23]

In the midst of the ongoing lawsuits, Carmen married film director Roland West. West subsequently cast her as the lead of his 1921 film The Silver Lining, in which she portrayed one of two orphaned sisters who is adopted by a thief.[24] She followed it with the drama Nobody, also released in 1921.[15]

Following her marriage, Carmen went into semi-retirement and did not appear in films for five years. She made her final appearance in the horror film The Bat (1926), directed by her husband West.[15]

Carmen later became known for her connection to the scandal surrounding the December 16, 1935 death of actress Thelma Todd.[25] Todd was found deceased from carbon monoxide poisoning in her car, which was parked and running inside the garage of Castillo del Mar, a residence owned by Carmen and West in Pacific Palisades.[3] Castillo del Mar was located one block away from the Thelma Todd Cafe,[3] a restaurant for which Todd served as the face, and which was backed financially by West and owned by Carmen.[25] At the time of Todd's death, Carmen's parents were residing at Castillo del Mar.[26]

There were a number of factors which made the death suspicious, including that Todd allegedly was spotted or spoken to several times the day after she died; Carmen testified before the grand jury that she had seen Todd riding in a phaeton on Hollywood Boulevard around 11:00 p.m. on December 15,[27] hours after police estimated Todd had died.[25][28] Claims from staff that Todd had been beaten by an unnamed man at the cafe in the days before her death also were investigated by law enforcement.[25]

West was subject to allegations that he had deliberately shut the garage door while an intoxicated Todd was sleeping in her car.[29] However, Todd's death was ruled accidental, inadvertently caused by her own actions.[3] Biographer Hans J. Wollstein notes that the rumors surrounding Todd's death involving Carmen and West mostly had "no foundation whatsoever."[30] Following Todd's death, the marriage between Carmen and West ended, and she retired from the public eye.[29]