João Baptista de Lacerda

The medical anthropologist João Baptista de Lacerda was one of the main exponents of the "thesis of racial whitening" among Brazilians, having participated, in 1911, in the Universal Congress of Races, in London. This congress brought together people from all over the world to debate the issue of racialism and the relationship between races and the progress of civilizations (themes of current interest at the time). Baptista took to the event the article Sur les métis au Brésil (About the mestizos of Brazil, in Portuguese), in which he defended the miscegenation factor as something positive, in the Brazilian case, due to the overlapping of the white race traits on the others, black and indigenous.

In an excerpt from the referred article, Baptista states:

The mixed population of Brazil should have, within a century, a very different aspect from the current one. The currents of European immigration, increasing every day the white element of this population, will end up, after a certain time, by suffocating the elements in which some traces of the black could still persist.

In this passage, one can clearly see the content of the yearning for whitening. The intellectual currents that influenced the thinking of Baptista and other advocates of eugenics were varied and ranged from the determinism of Henry Thomas Buckle and the Social Darwinism of Spencer to the theories of Gobineau. All these currents, to a large extent, served as an argument to justify the phase of neocolonialism, which focused on the African and Asian continents.

A curious fact of Baptista's presentation at the Universal Congress of Races was the exhibition of a copy of the painting Ham's Redemption , by the Spanish painter Modesto Brocos. This painting was completed in 1895 and presents the image of a family: on the left, a black lady looking up to the sky in gratitude, and a mixed-race woman holding a white child; on the right, a white man watching his wife and son. The image of the painting categorically conveys the thesis that Baptista defended: whitening through generations. Brocos proposes the dilution of the black color in the succession of descendants and inserts, in this succession, the "redemption", the "absolution" of a "cursed race", that is, the descendants of Ham, son of Noah, who, in the book of Genesis, is cursed by his father. Ham's story, despite its biblical symbolism, was interpreted by default by the racialism of the 19th century, in which Brocos was involved. The "darkening" of Ham's descendants would have led to the black African race, which could be redeemed by mixing with the white European race.