Jo In-byeok

Jo In-byeok (1330–1393), was a military official in the Late Goryeo dynasty who came from the Hanyang Jo clan.[1] He was the husband of Princess Jeonghwa, who was the sister of the founder of the Joseon dynasty, Yi Seonggye, who granted him the title Internal Prince Yongwon when the dynasty was established.[2]

In this Korean name, the family name is Jo.
Jo In-byeok
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationJo In-byeok
McCune–ReischauerCho Inbyŏk
Posthumous name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationYangnyeol
McCune–ReischauerYangnyŏl
Honorary Title
(given by Yi Seonggye in c.1392/3)
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationYongwon-buwongun
McCune–ReischauerYongwŏn-buwŏn'gun

Biography

Early life and family background

Jo Inbyeok was born into the Hanyang Jo clan in 1330 as a son of Jo-Don (조돈) and his wife, Lady Yi (부인 이씨), who was the daughter of Yi Hong-bok (이홍복) from the Ganseong Yi clan. He had three younger brothers: Jo Ingyeong (조인경), Jo Ingyu (조인규), and Jo Inok (조인옥).[3]

His ancestors came from the Goryeo dynasty as an indigenous group who settled in Yongjin-hyeon (용진현, 龍津縣). His great-grandfather, Jo Hwi (조휘), conspired with the Takcheong (탁청, 卓靑) people from Jeongju and revolted in Ssangseong (쌍성, 雙城) in 1258 during King Gojong's reign.[4] After they reached the north of Hwaju (화주, 和州) and surrendered to the Yuan dynasty, the position of Ssangseong General Government Office (쌍성총관부) was established, to which the Takcheong peoples were hereditarily appointed from generation to generation.[5]

Military career

In 1361 (10th year of King Gongmin's reign), Jo (along with Byeon An-yeol (변안열) and others) contributed when Hong Geon-jeok (홍건적) invaded Goryeo.[6] In 1363, he also contributed to subjugate Gim Yong's Rebellion (김용의 난).

In 1372, Hobaldo (호발도, 胡拔都), Janghaema (장해마, 張海馬), and others came to attacked Yiseong (이성, 泥城) and Ganggye (강계, 江界), Jo went out as a judge and subjugated the enemy in Gaju (가주, 家州).[7] Then, when the Japanese plundered Hamju (함주, 咸州) and Bukcheongju (북청주, 北靑州), he marched out and ambushed the soldiers, defeating the Japanese and beheaded at least 70 people. From this achievement, he was worshiped as a bongikdaebu (봉익대부, 奉翊大夫).[8]

Reign of King Chang

After King U was expelled to Ganghwa Island, his son, Wang Chang, ascended the throne. Around 1388, it was believed that U's birthday was in Dodang (도당, 都堂), so Jo was sent alongside Gu Seong-ro (구성로) to Ganghwa in order to present clothes for him.[9]

When U was in Ganghwa, he was immediately moved to Yeoheung-gun (여흥군, 驪興郡) led by Jo, Ji Yong-gi (지용기), U Hong-su (우홍수), and Yu-Jun (유준).[9] Not long after that, Chang was dethroned and killed alongside his father due to the words that he was not pure from Wang clan, but were came from Sin Don.

Reign of King Gongyang

In 1389 (1st year reign of King Gongyang), Jo was promoted into the position of panuideokbusa (판의덕부사, 判懿德府事) in Gyeongjin.[10] However, when he was rewarded nok-hun (녹훈) for his service to the country, he was believed to already be deceased.[11]

Later life

After the new Joseon dynasty was established, Byeon An-yeol (변안열), Wang An-deok (왕안덕), Ji Yong-gi (지용기), Yi Won-gye (이원계), Jeong Ji (정지), and Choe Gong-cheol (최공철) all became the second rank of "Gongsin".[12]

Family
  • Father: Jo-Don (조돈, 趙暾; 1307–1380)
    • Grandfather: Jo Yang-gi (조양기, 趙良琪; b. 1260); son of Jo-Hwi (조휘, 趙暉).
  • Mother: Lady, of the Ganseong Yi clan (부인 간성이씨, 1309–1379)
    • Grandfather: Yi Hong-bok (이홍복, 李洪福)
  • Younger brothers:
    • Jo In-gyeong (조인경, 趙仁瓊; d. 1422)
    • Jo In-gyu (조인규, 趙仁珪)
    • Jo In-ok (조인옥, 趙仁沃; 1347–1396)
  • Wives and children:
    • Lady, of the Hadong Jeong clan (부인 하동정씨)
      • 1st son: Jo-On, Internal Prince Hancheon (조온 한천부원군, 趙溫 漢川府院君; 1347–1417)[13]
    • Lady, of the Jeonju Yi clan (부인 전주이씨)[14]
      • 2nd son: Jo-Yeon, Internal Prince Hanpyeong (조연 한평부원군, 趙涓 漢平府院君; 1374–1429)[15]
      • 3rd son: Jo-Hu (조후, 趙候; 1377–1444)
      • 4th son: Jo-Sa (조사, 趙師; d. 1432)
      • 5th son: Jo-Bu (조부, 趙傅)
      • 1st daughter: Lady Jo (부인 조씨) – married Hwang Gil-won (황길원, 黃吉源).
      • 2nd daughter: Lady Jo (부인 조씨) – married Im Maeng-yang (임맹양, 林孟陽; d. 1388), nephew of Im Gyeon-mi (임견미, 林堅味; d. 1388).

References
  1. "용원부원군 조인벽의 위패를 모시다- 양양 동명서원". Naver (in Korean). Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  2. "태종실록 25권, 태종 13년 4월 26일 갑술 4번째기사 1413년 명 영락(永樂) 11년
    집의 김효손 등이 환왕 비문을 고치도록 건의하다"    . Joseon Wangjo Sillok (in Korean). Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  3. "양렬공 조인벽". The Jo clan of Hanyang Official Homepage (in Korean). Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  4. Duk-il, Lee (2019). 이덕일의 한국통사: 다시 찾는 7,000년 우리 역사 (in Korean). Dasan Books. ISBN 9791130627670.
  5. Ki-hwan, Sung (2008). 생각하는 한국사 2: 고려시대부터 조선·일제강점까지 (in Korean). Willow Media. ISBN 9788986982923.
  6. 『Goryeosa』 Vol. 113 Biographies 26 Jesin Anu
  7. 『Goryeosa』 Vol. 43 21st Years of King Gongmin (1372) 2nd month 26th day; 『Goryeosajeolyo』 Vol. 29 21st Years of King Gongmin (1372)
  8. 『Goryeosa』 Vol. 43 21st Years of King Gongmin (1372) 6th month 27th day; 『Goryeosajeolyo』 Vol. 29 21st Years of King Gongmin (1372)
  9. 『Goryeosa』 Vol. 137 Biographies 50: Year Ascension of King Chang
  10. 『Goryeosa』 Vol. 45 First Year of King Gongyang (1389) 11th months 16th days Gyeongjin
  11. 『Goryeosa』 Vol. 45 Second Year of King Gongyang
  12. "태조실록 4권, 태조 2년 7월 22일 을축 3번째기사 1393년 명 홍무(洪武) 26년
    회군 공신을 책록토록 교지를 내리다"    . Joseon Wangjo Sillok (in Korean). Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  13. Later became the adoptive son of Princess Jeonghwa, his father's second wife after his mother's death. He firstly married Grand Lady Jang of Byeonhan State (변한국대부인 장씨), then remarried again with Grand Lady Bak of Byeonhan State (변한국대부인 박씨).
  14. Second and youngest daughter of Yi Jachun, from Lady Choe; she was the older sister of Yi Seonggye, the founder of Joseon dynasty and paternal aunt of Jeongjong and Taejong.
  15. Married Grand Lady Gim of Byeonhan State (변한국대부인 김씨, 1374–1455).
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