Johann Zacherl

Johann Zacherl (1814 – 30 June 1888) was an Austrian inventor, industrialist and manufacturer who made a fortune in the late 19th century selling dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium as an insecticide.

Johann Zacherl
Born1814
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
Died(1888-06-30)30 June 1888
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Occupation(s)inventor, businessman
Known forZacherlin (insecticide)
Zacherl insecticide factory (Vienna, Austria) by Hugo von Wiedenfeld. 48°14′38.3″N 16°21′3.9″E
Ceramic covering the facade of the Zacher insecticide factory

Biography

Zacherl was born in Munich (Germany) in 1814. After finishing his studies, he left Munich to visit Vienna, St Petersburg and Odessa. He eventually reached Tiflis in the Caucasus, where he discovered villagers used a natural insecticide, Pyrethrum, against vermin. He began to develop the powder's trade with Austria in 1842. The powder received different names: Lowizachek (in Armenia), Bug Flower, Powder of Persia and Persian insect powder.[1]

After a longer stay in Tiflis, in 1855 he established his company, Mottenfraß-Versicherungsunternehmung Johann Zacherl, in Vienna's 19th district, and began selling the insect repellent Zacherlin. With the help of his son, Johann Evangelist, he developed the Pyrethrum product line.

Zacherl died in Vienna, Austria in 1888.

Zacherlin insecticide
Advertising campaign (1900)
Advertising campaign (1910)

Zacherl developed an effective, all-natural moth insecticide made from Pyrethrum blossoms. He agreed with the chiefs of the villages to collect the flowers and ship them to Tiflis. He then ground the dried blossoms into powder, filled bags with it, and put them in sheep leathers for transport to Europe.[2] He continued importing dried heads of Chrysanthemum Cinerariifolum and Chrysanthemum Coccineum directly from Tifflis until 1870, when he began producing it locally.[3] His insecticide powder was called Zacherlin. He developed other products, including a carpet-cleaning machine "distributing over the cleansed carpet the insecticide to guard it against the attack of moth" in 1882,[4] a Pyrethrum Soap,[5] and a tincture for destroying insects.[6]

According to Hiscox, the insecticide was obtained as follows:[7]

The powder is obtained by brushing the dried flowers of the pellitory (pyrethrum). The leaves, too, are often used. (...) The active principle is not a volatile oil, as stated by some writers, but a rosin, which can be dissolved out from the dry flowers by means of ether. The leaves also contain this rosin but in. smaller proportions than the flowers. Tincture of pyrethrum is made by infusing the dried flowers in five times their weight of rectified spirit of wine. Diluted with water it is used as a lotion. (...) The dust resulting from the use of insect powder sometimes proves irritating to the mucous membranes of the one applying the powder. This is best avoided by the use of a spray atomizer.

Zacherlin's packaging showed a cossack with a high cap and an atomizer in hand, a marketing strategy that proved very successful.

According to Brigitte Hamann, the Austrian Christian Social newspaper Bukowinaer Volksblatt in Bukovina suggested "... we first have to invent a Zacherlin shot against the Jews. (Zacherlin was the most popular insecticide of the time.)[8] The Berlin daily newspaper, Berliner Zeitung attributes the statement to Dr Karl Lueger, a mayor of Vienna and founder of the Austrian Christian Social Party known for his public antisemitic statements: "Once, Lueger joked in a public session about "Zacherlin sprayers" that would have to be invented against the Jews (Zacherlin was a popular insecticide)."[9] Forty years later, the Nazis used another insecticide, Zyklon B, on civilians, including many Jews, in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and Majdanek during the Holocaust.

Architecture

The insecticide factory in Döbling was designed by the architect Hugo von Wiedenfeld and constructed by Karl Mayreder in 1888–1892. Explicitly oriental in style, the polychromed brick building with pointed arches, two minarets and a dome was one of Vienna's most recognized structures.

Since the collapse of the Zacherl company, the building has been used as a warehouse for carpets, furs and textiles. Today, it is used for art exhibitions and symposiums, in association with the contemporary art exhibitions Position:Gegenwart at Jesuit's Church of Vienna.[2][10]

Zacherl-Haus, located at Brandstätte 6, 1010 Vienna constructed by Jože Plečnik. 48°12′34.9″N 16°22′17.2″E

Zacherl's son, Johann Evangelist Zacherl, commissioned Jože Plečnik to build the office building Zacherlhaus in Vienna's Innere Stadt from 1903 to 1905.[11] It includes a row of atlantes along the cornice line by sculptor Franz Metzner.

References
  1. American Institute of the City of New York (1860). Annual Report of the American Institute of the City of New York for the years 1859–60. C. van Benthuysen. p. 152. (...) The insect destroyer has proved of great utility. (...) The powder was tried and proved to be not dangerous to human beings while it destroyed insects. It is now stated to be a species of Chamomile, the Pyrethrum roseum of Biebers and the Pyrethrum carneum, also. The powder of these obtained the name of Lowizachek in Armenia – of Bug Flower Powder of Persia. (...)
  2. Schörghofer, Gustav (2 June 2007). "Zacherlfabrik 2007" (in German). Österreichische Provinz der Gesellschaft Jesu. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  3. Sotriffer, Kristian (1996). Die Blute Der Chrysantheme. Die Zacherl, Stationen einer anderen Wiener Burgerfamilie (in German). Köln: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-205-98503-7.
  4. US patent 262530, Johann Zacherl, "Carpet-cleaning machine", issued 1882-08-08
  5. US patent 308172, Johann Zacherl, "Pyrethrum Soap", issued 1884-11-18
  6. Woodcroft, Bennet (1865). Chronological index of patents applied for and patents granted For the Year 1864. Holborn: Office of the commissioners of patents for inventions. p. 18. (...) N°226: Johann Zacherl of Vienna and of 3 Bury Court in the City of London for an invention for an improved tincture or liquid preparation for destroying insects (27 January 1864) (...)
  7. Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1916). Henley's Twentieth Century Forrmulas, Recipes and Processes, containing ten thousand selected household and workshop formulas, recipes, processes and moneymaking methods for the practical use of manufacturers, mechanics, housekeepers and home workers. Vol. 2. New-York: Norman W. Henley. pp. 424. Retrieved 22 November 2007.
  8. Hamann, Brigitte (1999). Hitler's Vienna : A Dictator's Apprenticeship. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-512537-5.
  9. Götz, Thomas (10 May 1996). "Beim Wiener Bürgermeister in die Lehre gegangen" (in German). Berliner Zeitung. p. 53. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2007. Einmal scherzte Lueger in öffentlicher Sitzung über "Zacherlinspritzen", die man gegen die Juden erfinden müßte (Zacherlin war ein beliebtes Insektenvertilgungsmittel).
  10. "Position:Gegenwart" (in German). Österreichische Provinz der Gesellschaft Jesu. 2 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  11. Podbrecky, Inge (2004). Viennese Jugenstil (Ed. 1 ed.). Falter. p. 112. ISBN 3-85439-339-3.
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