John Maxwell (British Army officer)

Maxwell served in South Africa during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). He departed Southampton in the SS Mexican in February 1900,[9] and arrived in Cape Town the following month to take up a staff appointment.[10] He commanded the 14th Brigade on Lord Roberts' march to Pretoria, and after the city's successful occupation served as Military Governor of Pretoria and the Western Transvaal from 1900 to March 1902, when he relinquished the office to allow for gradual extension of civilian rule.[11] As governor, he filled a difficult post "with great tact and ability ... gained the confidence and esteem of the general public" according to a contemporary news report.[11] After leaving Pretoria he held a command in the Western district, before returning to the United Kingdom in July 1902,[12] a month after the end of the war. In his final despatch from South Africa in June 1902, the Commander-in-Chief Lord Kitchener described Maxwell as an officer with "an energetic mind, and a sound judgment, which, coupled with his kindly and considerate disposition, have enabled him to render valuable service".[13] For his service in the war, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the April 1901 South African Honours list (the order was dated to 29 November 1900[14]) and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list,[15][16] and was invested with both orders by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October 1902.[17]

After his return, Maxwell was in November 1902 appointed Chief Staff Officer of the Third Army Corps stationed in Ireland,[18] with promotion to the substantive rank of colonel but to hold the temporary rank of brigadier general on the Staff.[19] In August 1903 he was made a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order for assisting with King Edward VII's 1903 visit to Ireland.[20] Maxwell accompanied the Duke of Connaught to Coburg for the coming-of-age celebrations of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in July 1905, and in September 1906 visited Silesia to observe the manoeuvres of the Imperial German Army before continuing on to Baden.[21] In September 1907 they visited Vienna to review the Duke's Austrian regiment, where he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph.[22]

He became General Officer Commanding British Troops in Egypt in 1908, and was deployed on the Western Front at the start of the First World War.[23]

He returned to the Egyptian Command in late 1914. On November 2, 1914, after the Ottoman Empire entered the war, General Maxwell announced measures censoring the press in Egypt, causing a paucity in the Arabic press as many Arabic periodicals, such as Ahmed Lutfi es-Sayed's Al Jarida, dwindled or ceased publication.[24] He successfully held the Suez Canal against the Ottoman Raid on the Suez Canal.[23]

In September 1915 General Godley at Gallipoli complained that too few of the recovered sick or wounded casualties from Gallipoli were being returned from Egypt, and Maxwell commented to Godley that "the appetite of the Dardanelles for men has been phenomenal and wicked".[25]

After the Easter Rising, a rebellion against British rule in Ireland, broke out on 24 April 1916, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Lord Wimborne declared both the city and county of Dublin to be in a state of martial law.[26] Concurrently, the British government implemented measures to allow for the court-martial of persons in Ireland found to be breaching the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), which was passed in the British Parliament on 8 August 1914.[27] Maxwell arrived in Dublin on 28 April, replacing Lovick Friend as Commander-in-Chief, Ireland and arriving just in time to accept the surrender by the rebels. Granted plenary powers by his superiors, Maxwell was made temporary military governor of Ireland and publicly proclaimed his intent "to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners", including "those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion."[28]

3,430 men and 79 women were subsequently arrested, including 425 people for looting. A series of courts-martial presided over by Charles Blackader began on 2 May, in which 187 people were tried, most of them at Richmond Barracks. Controversially, Maxwell decided that the courts-martial would be held in camera and without a defence counsel or jury, which Crown law officers later ruled to have been illegal. Some of those officers who conducted the trials had commanded troops involved in suppressing the rebellion, a conflict of interest that the British Military Manual prohibited. Ninety were sentenced to death; fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the Proclamation) had their sentences confirmed by Maxwell and fourteen were executed by firing squad at Kilmainham Gaol between 3 and 12 May.[29]

However, British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and his cabinet soon became concerned with the speed and secrecy of events, and intervened in order to stop more executions. In particular, there was concern that DORA regulations for courts-martial were not being applied. These regulations called for a full court of thirteen members, a professional judge, a legal advocate, and for the proceedings to be held in public, provisions which could have prevented some of the executions. Maxwell admitted in a report to Asquith in June that the impression that the leaders were killed in cold blood and without a trial had resulted in a "revulsion of feeling" that had emerged in favour of the rebels, and was the result of the confusion between applying DORA as opposed to martial law (which Maxwell had actually pressed for from the beginning).[30] As a result, Maxwell had the remaining death sentences commuted to penal servitude. Although Asquith had promised to publish the court martial proceedings, the transcripts were not made public until 1999.[31]

In late May, Maxwell persuaded the government in Westminster to have Captain Bowen-Colthurst tried for the murders of Thomas Dickson, Patrick MacIntyre and Francis Sheehy-Skeffington by court martial rather than by civil court.[32] For this trial, the official transcript was never published, but the court martial was held in open court.[33]

This was Maxwell's last posting in Ireland as he left for England later in 1916.[34]

Memorial to General Sir John Maxwell and Louise Selina Maxwell in the crypt at York Minster

In 1916 Maxwell was assigned to be General Officer Commanding, Northern Command, at York.[35] He was promoted in June 1919 to full general and he retired in 1922. He died on 21 February 1929 and his memorial is in the crypt of York Minster.[36]