Joint Photographic Experts Group
The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is the joint committee between ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 and ITU-T Study Group 16 that created and maintains the JPEG, JPEG 2000, JPEG XR, JPEG XT, JPEG XS, JPEG XL, and related digital image standards. It also has the responsibility for maintenance of the JBIG and JBIG2 standards that were developed by the former Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group.[1][2]
Within ISO/IEC JTC 1, JPEG is Working Group 1 (WG 1) of Subcommittee 29 (SC 29) and has the formal title JPEG Coding of digital representations of images, where it is one of eight working groups in SC 29.[3] In the ITU-T (formerly called the CCITT), its work falls in the domain of the ITU-T Visual Coding Experts Group (VCEG), which is Question 6 of Study Group 16.[4]
JPEG has typically held meetings three or four times annually in North America, Asia and Europe. The chairman of JPEG (termed its Convenor in ISO/IEC terminology) is Prof. Touradj Ebrahimi of École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,[3][5][6] who previously had led JPEG 2000 development within the JPEG committee[7] and also had a leading role in MPEG-4 standardization.[8]
History
In April 1983, ISO started to work to add photo quality graphics to text terminals. In the mid-1980s, both the CCITT (now ITU-T) and ISO had standardization groups for image coding: CCITT Study Group VIII (SG8) – Telematic Services and ISO TC97 SC2 WG8 – Coding of Audio and Picture Information.[9][10] They were historically targeted on image communication. The JPEG committee was created in 1986[11][12] and the Joint (CCITT/ISO) Bi-level Image Group (JBIG) was created in 1988.[11]
Former chairs of JPEG include Greg Wallace of Digital Equipment Corporation and Daniel Lee of Yahoo. Fumitaka Ono of Tokyo Polytechnic University was chair of the former JBIG group that has since been merged into JPEG.
Standards published and under development
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is Working Group 1 of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, entitled JPEG Coding of digital representations of images (working as a joint team with ITU-T SG 16). It has developed various standards, which have been published by ITU-T and/or ISO/IEC. The standards developed by the JPEG (and former JBIG) sub-groups are referred to as a joint development of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 and ITU-T SG16. The JPEG standards typically consist of different Parts in ISO/IEC terminology. Each Part is a separate document that covers a certain aspect of a suite of standards that share a project number, and the Parts can be adopted separately as individual standards or used together. For the JPEG standards that are published jointly with ITU-T, each ISO/IEC Part corresponds to a separate ITU-T Recommendation (i.e., a separate standard). Once published, JPEG standards have also often been revised by later amendments and/or new editions – e.g., to add optional extended capabilities or improve the editorial quality of the specifications. Standards developed and under development by JPEG are shown in the table below.[3][13]
| Common name | Part | First edition | ISO/IEC number | ITU number | Formal title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPEG | Part 1 | 1992 | ISO/IEC 10918-1 | ITU-T Rec. T.81 | Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – Requirements and guidelines |
| Part 2 | 1994 | ISO/IEC 10918-2 | ITU-T Rec. T.83 | Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images – Compliance testing | |
| Part 3 | 1996 | ISO/IEC 10918-3 | ITU-T Rec. T.84 | Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Extensions | |
| Part 4 | 1998 | ISO/IEC 10918-4 | ITU-T Rec. T.86 | Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Registration of JPEG profiles, SPIFF profiles, SPIFF tags, SPIFF colour spaces, APPn markers, SPIFF compression types and Registration Authorities (REGAUT) | |
| Part 5 | 2013 | ISO/IEC 10918-5 | ITU-T Rec. T.871 | Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)[14] | |
| Part 6 | 2013 | ISO/IEC 10918-6 | ITU-T Rec. T.872 | Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Application to printing systems | |
| Part 7 | 2019 | ISO/IEC 10918-7 | ITU-T Rec. T.873 | Information technology – Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Reference software[15] | |
| JPEG-LS | Part 1 | 1998 | ISO/IEC 14495-1 | ITU-T Rec. T.87 | Information technology – Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: Baseline |
| Part 2 | 2002 | ISO/IEC 14495-2 | ITU-T Rec. T.870 | Information technology – Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: Extensions | |
| JPEG 2000 | Part 1 | 2000 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 | ITU-T Rec. T.800 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system – Core coding system |
| Part 2 | 2004 | ISO/IEC 15444-2 | ITU-T Rec. T.801 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions | |
| Part 3 | 2002 | ISO/IEC 15444-3 | ITU-T Rec. T.802 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Motion JPEG 2000 | |
| Part 4 | 2002 | ISO/IEC 15444-4 | ITU-T Rec. T.803 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Conformance testing | |
| Part 5 | 2003 | ISO/IEC 15444-5 | ITU-T Rec. T.804 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Reference software | |
| Part 6 | 2003 | ISO/IEC 15444-6 | ITU-T Rec. T.805 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Compound image file format | |
| Part 8 | 2007 | ISO/IEC 15444-8 | ITU-T Rec. T.807 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Secure JPEG 2000 | |
| Part 9 | 2005 | ISO/IEC 15444-9 | ITU-T Rec. T.808 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Interactivity tools, APIs and protocols | |
| Part 10 | 2008 | ISO/IEC 15444-10 | ITU-T Rec. T.809 | Information technology –JPEG 2000 image coding system: Extensions for three-dimensional data | |
| Part 11 | 2007 | ISO/IEC 15444-11 | ITU-T Rec. T.810 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: Wireless | |
| Part 12 | 2004 | ISO/IEC 15444-12 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system – Part 12: ISO base media file format | ||
| Part 13 | 2008 | ISO/IEC 15444-13 | ITU-T Rec. T.812 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: An entry level JPEG 2000 encoder | |
| Part 14 | 2013 | ISO/IEC 15444-14 | ITU-T Rec. T.813 | Information technology – JPEG 2000 image coding system: XML structural representation and reference | |
| MRC | 1999 | ISO/IEC 16485 | ITU-T Rec. T.44 | Information technology – Mixed Raster Content (MRC) | |
| JPSearch | Part 1 | 2007 | ISO/IEC TR 24800-1 | Information technology – JPSearch – Part 1: System framework and components | |
| Part 2 | 2011 | ISO/IEC 24800-2 | Information technology – JPSearch – Part 2: Registration, identification and management of schema and ontology | ||
| Part 3 | 2010 | ISO/IEC 24800-3 | Information technology – JPSearch – Part 3: Query format | ||
| Part 4 | 2010 | ISO/IEC 24800-4 | Information technology – JPSearch – Part 4: File format for metadata embedded in image data (JPEG and JPEG 2000) | ||
| Part 5 | 2011 | ISO/IEC 24800-5 | Information technology – JPSearch – Part 5: Data interchange format between image repositories | ||
| Part 6 | 2012 | ISO/IEC 24800-6 | Information technology – JPSearch – Part 6: Reference software | ||
| JPEG XR | Part 1 | 2011 | ISO/IEC TR 29199-1 | T.Sup2 | Information technology – JPEG XR image coding system – Part 1: System architecture |
| Part 2 | 2009 | ISO/IEC 29199-2 | ITU-T Rec. T.832 | Information technology – JPEG XR image coding system – Part 2: Image coding specification | |
| Part 3 | 2010 | ISO/IEC 29199-3 | ITU-T Rec. T.833 | Information technology – JPEG XR image coding system – Part 3: Motion JPEG XR | |
| Part 4 | 2010 | ISO/IEC 29199-4 | ITU-T Rec. T.834 | Information technology – JPEG XR image coding system – Part 4: Conformance testing | |
| Part 5 | 2010 | ISO/IEC 29199-5 | ITU-T Rec. T.835 | Information technology – JPEG XR image coding system – Part 5: Reference software | |
| AIC | Part 1 | 2017 | ISO/IEC TR 29170-1 | Information technology – Advanced image coding and evaluation methodologies – Part 1: Guidelines for codec evaluation | |
| Part 2 | 2015 | ISO/IEC 29170-2 | Information technology – Advanced image coding and evaluation – Part 2: Evaluation procedure for nearly lossless coding | ||
| JPEG XT | Part 1 | 2015 | ISO/IEC 18477-1 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 1: Core Coding System Specification | |
| Part 2 | 2016 | ISO/IEC 18477-2 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 2: Coding of High Dynamic Range Images | ||
| Part 3 | 2015 | ISO/IEC 18477-3 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 3: Box file format | ||
| Part 4 | 2017 | ISO/IEC 18477-4 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 4: Conformance Testing | ||
| Part 5 | 2018 | ISO/IEC 18477-5 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 5: Reference software | ||
| Part 6 | 2016 | ISO/IEC 18477-6 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 6: IDR Integer coding | ||
| Part 7 | 2017 | ISO/IEC 18477-7 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 7: HDR Floating-Point Coding | ||
| Part 8 | 2016 | ISO/IEC 18477-8 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 8: Lossless and Near-lossless Coding | ||
| Part 9 | 2016 | ISO/IEC 18477-9 | Information technology – Scalable Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images – Part 9: Alpha channel coding | ||
| JPEG XS | Part 1 | 2019 | ISO/IEC 21122-1 | Information technology — JPEG XS low-latency lightweight image coding system — Part 1: Core coding system | |
| Part 2 | 2019 | ISO/IEC 21122-2 | Information technology — JPEG XS low-latency lightweight image coding system — Part 2: Profiles and buffer models | ||
| Part 3 | 2019 | ISO/IEC 21122-3 | Information technology — JPEG XS low-latency lightweight image coding system — Part 3: Transport and container formats | ||
| Part 4 | 2020 | ISO/IEC 21122-4 | Information technology — JPEG XS low-latency lightweight image coding system — Part 4: Conformance testing | ||
| Part 5 | 2020 | ISO/IEC 21122-5 | Information technology — JPEG XS low-latency lightweight image coding system — Part 5: Reference software | ||
| JPEG XL | Part 1 | 2022 | ISO/IEC 18181-1 |
Information technology — JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 1: Core coding system | |
| Part 2 | 2021 | ISO/IEC 18181-2 | Information technology — JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 2: File format | ||
| Part 3 | 2022 | ISO/IEC 18181-3 | Information technology — JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 3: Conformance testing | ||
| Part 4 | 2022 | ISO/IEC 18181-4 | Information technology — JPEG XL Image Coding System — Part 4: Reference software | ||
See also
References
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-05-07). "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 - Coding of Still Pictures (SC 29/WG 1 Structure)". Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- JPEG, JBIG (2007). "About our committee". Archived from the original on 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- ISO. "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information". Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- "Question 6 – Visual, audio and signal coding". ITU. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- Pessina, Laure-Anne (12 December 2014). "JPEG changed our world". EPFL News. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
- "JPEG changed our world". Phys.org. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
- Taubman, David; Marcellin, Michael (2012). JPEG2000 Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice: Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461507994.
- Ebrahimi, Touradj; Pereira, Fernando (2002). The MPEG-4 Book. Prentice Hall Professional. ISBN 9780130616210.
- ITU-T. "ITU-T extensions to JPEG-1". Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- chiariglione.org (2009-09-06). "Riding the Media Bits, The Faultline". Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- Sebestyen, Istvan; Mitchell, Joan L.; Ono, Fumitaka (2005-07-23), "The First Joint ITU ISO/IEC Still Image Compression Standards" (PDF), ITU-T VICA Workshop, ITU-T, p. 3, retrieved 2009-11-12
- JPEG. "Joint Photographic Experts Group, JPEG Homepage". Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ISO. "JTC 1/SC 29 – Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information". Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- JPEG (2009-04-24). "Press Release - 48th WG1 meeting, Maui, USA - JPEG XR enters FDIS status, JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) to be standardized as JPEG Part 5". Archived from the original on 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- Press Release of the 78th JPEG Meeting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
