Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara

Nevertheless, he managed to raise a private force. In The Herald, a newspaper out of Alexandria, Louisiana, he published notice on August 31, 1812, of what he called the “Republicans of Nacogdoches" to recruit volunteers. The troops under Gutiérrez de Lara's command consisted of only 450 men, many of whom were military adventurers from the United States. The force, known as the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition and commanded by men such as Augustus Magee and Samuel Kemper, invaded Texas in 1812, taking possession of several cities and driving back the forces of Manuel María de Salcedo and Simón de Herrera. In addition, he allowed these two governors and other officials to be executed by Antonio Delgado. On April 6, 1813, he declared the independence of Texas from the kingdom of Spain, proclaimed its first constitution, and declared himself the first president of Texas.

Warned of these developments, José Joaquín de Arredondo, whose forces were quartered in the Valley del Maíz, marched to engage Gutiérrez, collecting men and material on the way through Nuevo Santander. Colonel Ignacio Elizondo, sent in advance, allowed himself to be drawn into an engagement, and was totally routed. A few weeks later Arredondo himself defeated the insurgents, now under the command of José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois, who had replaced Gutiérrez. Many prisoners were executed, including all of the captured United States citizens, ending all hope of aid from the United States.[3]

After the failure to create an independent Texas, Gutiérrez supported the Spanish general Francisco Javier Mina in his expedition of 1817 in support of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, and later accompanied Mina in his expeditions in 1818 and 1819.