Josephine Baker

Freda Josephine Baker (née McDonald; June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975), naturalised as Joséphine Baker, was an American-born French dancer, singer and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in France. She was the first black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the Tropics, directed by Mario Nalpas and Henri Étiévant.[3]

For other people named Josephine Baker, see Josephine Baker (disambiguation).

Josephine Baker
Baker in 1940
Born
Freda Josephine McDonald

(1906-06-03)June 3, 1906
St. Louis, Missouri, US
DiedApril 12, 1975(1975-04-12) (aged 68)
Paris, France
Resting placeMonaco Cemetery
NationalityAmerican (renounced)
French (1937–1975)
Occupation(s)Vedette, singer, dancer, actress, civil rights activist, French Resistance agent
Years active1921–1975
Spouses
Willie Wells
​
​
(m. 1919; div. 1919)​
    William Baker
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1921; div. 1925)​
      Jean Lion
      ​
      ​
      (m. 1937; div. 1940)​
        ​
        ​
        (m. 1947; div. 1961)​
        Partner(s)Robert Brady
        (1973–1975)
        Children12; Jean-Claude Baker presented himself as her foster son (contested by the Baker children[1][2])
        Musical career
        Genres
        Instrument(s)Vocals
        Labels
        Signature

        During her early career, Baker was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris. Her performance in the revue Un vent de folie in 1927 caused a sensation in the city. Her costume, consisting of only a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties.

        Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess".[4] Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937.[5] She raised her children in France.

        She aided the French Resistance during World War II.[6] After the war, she was awarded the Resistance Medal by the French Committee of National Liberation, the Croix de Guerre by the French military, and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle.[7] Baker sang: "I have two loves, my country and Paris."[8]

        Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.[9][10][11]

        On November 30, 2021, she was inducted into the Panthéon in Paris, the first black woman to receive one of the highest honors in France.[12] As her resting place remains in Monaco Cemetery, a cenotaph was installed in vault 13 of the crypt in the Panthéon.[13]

        Early life
        Baker, c. 1908

        Freda Josephine McDonald was born on June 3, 1906, in St. Louis, Missouri.[14][15] Her mother Carrie, was adopted in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1886 by Richard and Elvira McDonald, both of whom were former slaves of African and Native American descent.[9] Baker's estate and some other sources identify vaudeville drummer Eddie Carson as her natural father, whilst other sources dispute this.[16][17] Baker's foster son Jean-Claude Baker wrote a biography, published in 1993, titled Josephine: The Hungry Heart, in which he discusses at length the circumstances surrounding Baker's birth based on his research, concluding that Baker's father was white, and that Baker knew that Carson was not her father.[9] Academic Bennetta Jules-Rosette, author of Josephine Baker in Art and Life: The Icon and the Image (2007) wrote about the difficulty of establishing the truth of Baker's early life, given "the factual and counterfactual reworkings of her numerous biographers" and Baker's own "numerous and often contradictory reworkings of the story, which frequently lacked coherence".[18]

        Josephine McDonald spent her early life on 212 Targee Street (known by some St. Louis residents as Johnson Street) in the Chestnut Valley neighborhood of St. Louis, a racially mixed low-income neighborhood near Union Station, consisting mainly of rooming houses, brothels, and apartments without indoor plumbing.[9] She was poorly dressed, hungry as a child, and developed street smarts playing in the railroad yards of Union Station.[19]

        Her mother married Arthur Martin, "a kind but perpetually unemployed man", with whom she had a son and two more daughters.[20] She took in laundry to wash to make ends meet, and at eight years old, Josephine began working as a live-in domestic for white families in St. Louis.[21] One woman abused her, burning Josephine's hands when the young girl put too much soap in the laundry.[22]

        In 1917, when she was 11, a terrified Josephine McDonald witnessed racial violence in East St. Louis.[23] In a speech years later, she recalled what she had seen:

        I can still see myself standing on the west bank of the Mississippi looking over into East St. Louis and watching the glow of the burning of Negro homes lighting the sky. We children stood huddled together in bewilderment ... frightened to death with the screams of the Negro families running across this bridge with nothing but what they had on their backs as their worldly belongings... So with this vision I ran and ran and ran....[24]

        By age 12, she had dropped out of school.[25] At 13, she worked as a waitress at the Old Chauffeur's Club at 3133 Pine Street. She also lived as a street child in the slums of St. Louis, sleeping in cardboard shelters, scavenging for food in garbage cans,[26] making a living with street-corner dancing. It was at the Old Chauffeur's Club where Josephine met Willie Wells, and subsequently married him at age 13; however, the marriage lasted less than a year. Following her divorce from Wells, she found work with a street performance group called the Jones Family Band.[27]

        In her teen years she struggled to have a healthy relationship with her mother, who did not want her to become an entertainer and scolded her for not tending to her second husband, William Howard Baker, whom she married in 1921 at the age of 15.[28][lower-alpha 1] She left him when her vaudeville troupe was booked into a New York City venue, and divorced in 1925; it was during this time she began to see significant career success, and she continued to use his last name professionally for the rest of her life.[9] Though Baker traveled, she would return with gifts and money for her mother and younger half-sister, but larger career opportunities pushed her to make a trip to France.[29]

        Career

        Early career

        Baker's consistent badgering of a show manager in her hometown led to her being recruited for the St. Louis Chorus vaudeville show. At the age of 13, she headed to New York City[24] during the Harlem Renaissance, and performed at the Plantation Club, Florence Mills' old stomping ground. After several auditions, she secured a role in the chorus line of a touring production of the groundbreaking and hugely successful Broadway revue Shuffle Along, (1921)[30] that helped bring to the public's attention Florence Mills, Paul Robeson, and Adelaide Hall.[31][32]

        In Shuffle Along, Baker was a dancer positioned at the end of a chorus line. Fearing she might be overshadowed by the other dancers, she used her position to introduce a hint of comedy into her routine, thereby making her stand out from the other dancers. She first entered Shuffle Along 1922 in one of the U.S. touring companies. Once she became of age, she was transferred to the Broadway production where she remained for several months up until the show ended in 1923. The next revue Baker was cast in was The Chocolate Dandies, which opened on September 1, 1924. Again, she was cast in the chorus line. The show ran for 96 performances and closed in November 1925.

        Pre War Paris and rise to fame
        Baker in her banana costume, 1927

        Baker sailed to Paris in 1925, and opened on October 2 in la Revue nègre at Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.[33][34] Baker was aged 19 at the time. In a 1974 interview with The Guardian, Baker explained that she obtained her first big break in the bustling city. "No, I didn't get my first break on Broadway. I was only in the chorus in Shuffle Along and Chocolate Dandies. I became famous first in France in the twenties. I just couldn't stand America and I was one of the first colored Americans to move to Paris. Oh yes, Bricktop was there as well. Me and her were the only two, and we had a marvelous time. Of course, everyone who was anyone knew Bricky. And they got to know Miss Baker as well."[35]

        In Paris, she became an instant success for her erotic dancing, and for appearing practically nude onstage. After a successful tour of Europe, she broke her contract and returned to France in 1926 to star at the Folies Bergère, setting the standard for her future acts.[9]

        Baker performed the "Danse Sauvage" wearing a costume consisting of a skirt made of a string of artificial bananas. Her success coincided (1925) with the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs, which gave birth to the term "Art Deco", and also with a renewal of interest in non-Western forms of art, including African. Baker represented one aspect of this fashion. In later shows in Paris, she was often accompanied on stage by her pet cheetah "Chiquita," who was adorned with a diamond collar. The cheetah frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding another element of excitement to the show.[9]

        After a while, Baker was the most successful American entertainer working in France. Ernest Hemingway called her "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw".[36][37] The author spent hours talking with her in Paris bars. Picasso drew paintings depicting her alluring beauty. Jean Cocteau became friendly with her and helped vault her to international stardom.[38] Baker endorsed a "Bakerfix" hair gel, bananas, shoes, and cosmetics amongst other products.[39]

        In 1929, Baker became the first African-American star to visit Yugoslavia, while on tour in Central Europe via the Orient Express. In Belgrade, she performed at Luxor Balkanska, the most luxurious venue in the city at the time. She included Pirot kilim into her routine, as a nod to the local culture, and she donated some of the show's proceeds to poor children of Serbia. In Zagreb, she was received by adoring fans at the train station. However, some of her shows were cancelled, due to opposition from the local clergy and morality police.[40]

        During her travels in Yugoslavia, Baker was accompanied by "Count" Giuseppe Pepito Abatino.[40] At the start of her career in France, Baker had met Abatino, a Sicilian former stonemason who passed himself off as a count, and who persuaded her to let him manage her.[41] Abatino was not only Baker's manager but her lover as well. The two could not marry because Baker was still married to her second husband, Willie Baker.[42]

        During this period, she released her most successful song, "J'ai deux amours" (1931).[43] The song expresses the sentiment that "I have two loves, my country and Paris." In a 2007 book, Tim Bergfelder, Sue Harris and Sarah Street claimed that "by the 1930's, Baker's assimilation into French popular culture had been completed by her association with the song".[44] Baker starred in four films which found success only in Europe: the silent film Siren of the Tropics (1927), Zouzou (1934) and Princesse Tam Tam (1935). She starred in Fausse Alerte in 1940.[45] Bergfelder, Harris and Street wrote that the silent film Siren of the Tropics "rehearses the 'primitive-to-Parisienne' narrative that would become the staple of Baker's cinema career, and exploited in particular her comic stage persona based on loose-limbed athleticism and artful clumsiness."[44] The sound films Zouzou (1934) and Princesse Tam Tam were both star vehicles for Baker.[46]

        Drawing by Louis Gaudin, depicting Baker being presented a flower bouquet by a cheetah

        Under the management of Abatino, Baker's stage and public persona, as well as her singing voice, were transformed. In 1934, she took the lead in a revival of Jacques Offenbach's opera La créole, which premiered in December of that year for a six-month run at the Théâtre Marigny on the Champs-Élysées of Paris. In preparation for her performances, she went through months of training with a vocal coach. In the words of Shirley Bassey, who has cited Baker as her primary influence, "... she went from a petite danseuse sauvage with a decent voice to la grande diva magnifique ... I swear in all my life I have never seen, and probably never shall see again, such a spectacular singer and performer."[47]

        Despite her popularity in France, Baker never attained the equivalent reputation in America. Her star turn in a 1936 revival of Ziegfeld Follies on Broadway was not commercially successful, and later in the run she was replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee.[48][49] Time magazine referred to her as a "Negro wench ... whose dancing and singing might be topped anywhere outside of Paris", while other critics said her voice was "too thin" and "dwarf-like" to fill the Winter Garden Theatre.[48] She returned to Europe heartbroken.[33] This contributed to Baker's becoming a legal citizen of France and giving up her American citizenship.[9]

        Baker returned to Paris in 1937, married the French industrialist Jean Lion, and became a French citizen.[50] They were married in the French town of Crèvecœur-le-Grand, in a wedding presided over by the mayor, Jammy Schmidt.

        Between 1933 and 1937 Baker was a guest at the start of the Tour de France on four occasions.[51]

        World War II
        Baker in uniform, 1948

        In September 1939, when France declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland, Baker was recruited by the Deuxième Bureau, the French military intelligence agency, as an "honorable correspondent". Baker worked with Jacques Abtey, the head of French counterintelligence in Paris. She socialised with the Germans at embassies, ministries, night clubs, charming them while secretly gathering information. Her café-society fame enabled her to rub shoulders with those in the know, from high-ranking Japanese officials to Italian and Vichy bureaucrats, reporting to Abtey what she heard. She attended parties and gathered information at the Italian embassy without raising suspicion.[52]

        When the Germans invaded France, Baker left Paris and went to the Château des Milandes, her home in the Dordogne département in the south of France. She housed people who were eager to help the Free French effort led by Charles de Gaulle and supplied them with visas.[53] As an entertainer, Baker had an excuse for moving around Europe, visiting neutral nations such as Portugal, as well as some in South America. She carried information for transmission to England, about airfields, harbors, and German troop concentrations in the West of France. Notes were written in invisible ink on Baker's sheet music.[54][55] As written in Jazz Age Cleopatra, "She specialized in gatherings at embassies and ministries, charming people as she had always done, but at the same time trying to remember interesting items to transmit."[40]

        Later in 1941, she and her entourage went to the French colonies in North Africa. The stated reason was Baker's health (since she was recovering from another case of pneumonia) but the real reason was to continue helping the Resistance. From a base in Morocco, she made tours of Spain. She pinned notes with the information she gathered inside her underwear (counting on her celebrity to avoid a strip search). She met the Pasha of Marrakech, whose support helped her through a miscarriage (the last of several). After the miscarriage, she developed an infection so severe it required a hysterectomy. The infection spread and she developed peritonitis and then sepsis. After her recovery (which she continued to fall in and out of), she started touring to entertain British, French, and American soldiers in North Africa. The Free French had no organized entertainment network for their troops, so Baker and her entourage managed for the most part on their own. They allowed no civilians and charged no admission.[56]

        After the war, Baker was awarded the Resistance Medal by the French Committee of National Liberation, the Croix de Guerre by the French military, and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle.[7]

        Baker's last marriage, to French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon, ended around the time she adopted her 11th child.[42]

        Post War
        Baker in Havana, Cuba, in 1950
        Baker in Amsterdam, 1954

        In 1949, a reinvented Baker returned in triumph to the Folies Bergère. Bolstered by recognition of her wartime heroism, Baker the performer assumed a new gravitas, unafraid to take on serious music or subject matter. The engagement was a rousing success and reestablished Baker as one of Paris' pre-eminent entertainers. In 1951, Baker was invited back to the United States for a nightclub engagement in Miami. After winning a public battle over desegregating the club's audience, Baker followed up her sold-out run at the club with a national tour. Rave reviews and enthusiastic audiences accompanied her everywhere, climaxed by a parade in Harlem in honor of her new title: NAACP's "Woman of the Year".[57][58]

        In 1952, Baker was hired to crown the Queen of the Cavalcade of Jazz for the famed eighth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on June 1. Also featured to perform that day were Roy Brown and His Mighty Men, Anna Mae Winburn and Her Sweethearts, Toni Harper, Louis Jordan, Jimmy Witherspoon and Jerry Wallace.[59][60]

        An incident at the Stork Club in October 1951 interrupted and overturned her plans. Baker criticized the club's unwritten policy of discouraging Black patrons, then scolded columnist Walter Winchell, an old ally, for not rising to her defense. Winchell responded swiftly with a series of harsh public rebukes, including accusations of Communist sympathies (a serious charge at the time). The ensuing publicity resulted in the termination of Baker's work visa, forcing her to cancel all her engagements and return to France. It was almost a decade before U.S. officials allowed her back into the country.[61]

        In January 1966, Fidel Castro invited Baker to perform at the Teatro Musical de La Habana in Havana, Cuba, at the seventh-anniversary celebrations of his revolution. Her spectacular show in April broke attendance records. In 1968, Baker visited Yugoslavia and made appearances in Belgrade and in Skopje. In her later career, Baker faced financial troubles. She commented, "Nobody wants me, they've forgotten me"; but family members encouraged her to continue performing. In 1973 she performed at Carnegie Hall to a standing ovation.[56]

        The following year, she appeared in a Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium, and then at the Monegasque Red Cross Gala, celebrating her 50 years in French show business. Advancing years and exhaustion began to take their toll; she sometimes had trouble remembering lyrics, and her speeches between songs tended to ramble. She still continued to captivate audiences of all ages.[56]

        Civil rights activism

        Although based in France, Baker supported the Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s. When she arrived in New York with her husband Jo, they were refused reservations at 36 hotels because of racial discrimination. She was so upset by this treatment that she wrote articles about the segregation in the United States. She also began traveling into the South. She gave a talk at Fisk University, a historically black college in Nashville, Tennessee, on "France, North Africa and the Equality of the Races in France".[56]

        She refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States, although she was offered $10,000 by a Miami club;[6] the club eventually met her demands. Her insistence on mixed audiences helped to integrate live entertainment shows in Las Vegas, Nevada.[10] After this incident, she began receiving threatening phone calls from people claiming to be from the Ku Klux Klan but said publicly that she was not afraid of them.[56]

        In 1951, Baker made charges of racism against Sherman Billingsley's Stork Club in Manhattan, where she had been refused service.[61][62] Actress Grace Kelly, who was at the club at the time, rushed over to Baker, took her by the arm and stormed out with her entire party, vowing never to return (although she returned on 3 January 1956 with Prince Rainier of Monaco). The two women became close friends after the incident.[63]

        When Baker was near bankruptcy, Kelly—by then the princess consort—offered her a villa and financial assistance. (During his work on the Stork Club book, author and New York Times reporter Ralph Blumenthal was contacted by Jean-Claude Baker, one of Baker's sons. He indicated that he had read his mother's FBI file and, using comparison of the file to the tapes, said he thought the Stork Club incident was overblown.[64])

        Baker also worked with the NAACP.[6] Her reputation as a crusader grew to such an extent that the NAACP had Sunday, May 20, 1951, declared "Josephine Baker Day". She was presented with life membership with the NAACP by Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche. The honor she was paid spurred her to further her crusading efforts with the "Save Willie McGee" rally. McGee was a black man in Mississippi convicted of raping a white woman in 1945 on the basis of dubious evidence, and sentenced to death.[65] Baker attended rallies for McGee and wrote letters to Fielding Wright, the governor of Mississippi, asking him to spare McGee's life.[65] Despite her efforts, McGee was executed in 1951.[65] As the decorated war hero who was bolstered by the racial equality she experienced in Europe, Baker became increasingly regarded as controversial; some black people even began to shun her, fearing that her outspokenness and racy reputation from her earlier years would hurt the cause.[56]

        In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.[66] Baker was the only official female speaker. While wearing her Free French uniform emblazoned with her medal of the Légion d'honneur, she introduced the "Negro Women for Civil Rights".[67] Rosa Parks and Daisy Bates were among those she acknowledged, and both gave brief speeches.[68] Not everyone involved wanted Baker present at the March; some thought her time overseas had made her a woman of France, one who was disconnected from the Civil Rights issues going on in America. In her speech, one of the things Baker said:

        I have walked into the palaces of kings and queens and into the houses of presidents. And much more. But I could not walk into a hotel in America and get a cup of coffee, and that made me mad. And when I get mad, you know that I open my big mouth. And then look out, 'cause when Josephine opens her mouth, they hear it all over the world ...[69][70]

        After King's assassination, his widow Coretta Scott King approached Baker in the Netherlands to ask if she would take her husband's place as leader of the Civil Rights Movement. After many days of thinking it over, Baker declined, saying her children were "too young to lose their mother".[68]

        Personal life

        Relationships
        Baker with ten of her adopted children, 1964

        Baker's first marriage was to American Pullman porter Willie Wells when she was only 13 years old. The union was reportedly very unhappy, and the couple divorced soon after marrying. Another short-lived marriage followed in 1921, to William Howard Baker. Because her career was already taking off under that last name, she retained it after the divorce. Although she ultimately had four marriages to men, Jean-Claude Baker wrote that Josephine was bisexual and had several relationships with women.[71]

        In 1925, she began an extramarital relationship with the Belgian novelist Georges Simenon.[72] On an ocean liner, in 1929, en route from South America to France, Baker had an affair with the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret).[73] In 1937, Baker married Frenchman Jean Lion, but they separated in 1940. She married French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon in 1947, and their union lasted 14 years before also ending in divorce. Later, she was involved with the artist Robert Brady for a time, but they never married.[74] Speculation exists that Baker was also involved in sexual liaisons, if not relationships, with blues singer Clara Smith, Ada "Bricktop" Smith, French novelist Colette, and Frida Kahlo.[71][75]

        Children
        Baker at the Château des Milandes, 1961

        During her participation in the civil rights movement, Baker began to adopt children, forming a family which she often referred to as "The Rainbow Tribe". Baker wanted to prove that "children of different ethnicities and religions could still be brothers". She often took the children with her cross-country, and when they were at Château des Milandes, she arranged tours so visitors could walk the grounds and see how natural and happy the children were in "The Rainbow Tribe".[76] Her estate featured hotels, a farm, rides, and the children singing and dancing for the audience. She charged an admission fee to visitors who entered and partook in the activities, which included watching the children play.[77]

        She created dramatic backstories for them, picking them with clear intent in mind: at one point, she wanted and planned to adopt a Jewish baby, but she settled for a French one. She also raised them in different religions in order to further her model for the world, taking two children from Algeria and raising one child as a Muslim and raising the other child as a Catholic. One member of the Tribe, Jean-Claude Baker, said: "She wanted a doll."[78]

        Baker raised two daughters, French-born Marianne and Moroccan-born Stellina, and 10 sons, Japanese-born Janot (born Teruya) and Akio,[79][80] Colombian-born Luis, Finnish-born Jari (now Jarry), French-born Jean-Claude, Noël, and Moïse, Algerian-born Brahim (later Brian), Ivorian-born Koffi, and Venezuelan-born Mara.[81][82] Later on, Josephine Baker would become the legal guardian of another boy, also named Jean-Claude, and considered him an unofficial addition to the Rainbow Tribe. For some time, Baker lived with her children and an enormous staff in the château in Dordogne, France, with her fourth husband, Jo Bouillon. Bouillon claimed that Baker bore one child, though it was stillborn in 1941, an incident that precipitated an emergency hysterectomy.[83]

        Baker forced Jarry to leave the château and live with his adoptive father, Jo Bouillon, in Argentina, at the age of 15, after discovering that he was gay.[84][85] Moïse died of cancer in 1999, and Noël was diagnosed with schizophrenia and is in a psychiatric hospital as of 2009.[86] Jean-Claude Baker committed suicide in 2015, aged 71.[87]

        Later years and death

        In her later years Baker converted to Catholicism.[88] In 1968, Baker lost her château owing to unpaid debts; afterwards Princess Grace offered her an apartment in Roquebrune, near Monaco.[89]

        Baker was back on stage at the Olympia in Paris in 1968, in Belgrade and at Carnegie Hall in 1973 and at the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium and at the Gala du Cirque in Paris in 1974. On April 8, 1975, Baker starred in a retrospective revue at the Bobino in Paris, Joséphine à Bobino 1975, celebrating her 50 years in show business. The revue, financed by Prince Rainier, Princess Grace, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, opened to rave reviews. Demand for seating was such that fold-out chairs had to be added to accommodate spectators. The opening-night audience included Sophia Loren, Mick Jagger, Shirley Bassey, Diana Ross and Liza Minnelli.[90]

        Four days later, Baker was found lying peacefully in her bed surrounded by newspapers with glowing reviews of her performance. She was in a coma after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage. She was taken to Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, where she died, aged 68, on April 12, 1975.[90][91]

        Baker received a full Catholic funeral at L'Église de la Madeleine, attracting more than 20,000 mourners.[88][92] The only American-born woman to receive full French military honors at her funeral, Baker's funeral was the occasion of a huge procession. After a family service at Saint-Charles Church in Monte Carlo,[93] Baker was interred at Monaco's Cimetière de Monaco.[90][94][95]

        Baker was a Freemason.[96]

        Legacy
        Place Joséphine Baker in Paris

        Place Joséphine Baker (48°50′29″N 2°19′26″E) in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris was named in her honor. She has also been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame,[97] and on March 29, 1995, into the Hall of Famous Missourians.[98] St. Louis's Channing Avenue was renamed Josephine Baker Boulevard,[99] and a wax sculpture of Baker is on permanent display at The Griot Museum of Black History.

        In 2015, she was inducted into the Legacy Walk in Chicago, Illinois.[100] The Piscine Joséphine Baker is a swimming pool along the banks of the Seine in Paris named after her.[101]

        Writing in the on-line BBC magazine in late 2014, Darren Royston, historical dance teacher at RADA, credited Baker with being the Beyoncé of her day, and bringing the Charleston to Britain.[102] Two of Baker's sons, Jean-Claude and Jarry (Jari), grew up to go into business together, running the restaurant Chez Josephine on Theatre Row, 42nd Street, New York City. It celebrates Baker's life and works.[103]

        Château des Milandes, which Baker rented from 1940, before purchasing in 1947.

        Château des Milandes, a castle near Sarlat in the Dordogne, was Baker's home where she raised her twelve children. It is open to the public and displays her stage outfits including her banana skirt (of which there are apparently several). It also displays many family photographs and documents as well as her Legion of Honour medal. Most rooms are open for the public to walk through including bedrooms with the cots where her children slept, a huge kitchen, and a dining room where she often entertained large groups. The bathrooms were designed in art deco style but most rooms retained the French chateau style.[104][105]

        Baker continued to influence celebrities more than a century after her birth. In a 2003 interview with USA Today, Angelina Jolie cited Baker as "a model for the multiracial, multinational family she was beginning to create through adoption".[106] Beyoncé performed Baker's banana dance at the Fashion Rocks concert at Radio City Music Hall in September 2006.[106]

        Writing on the 110th anniversary of her birth, Vogue described how her 1926 "danse sauvage" in her famous banana skirt "brilliantly manipulated the white male imagination" and "radically redefined notions of race and gender through style and performance in a way that continues to echo throughout fashion and music today, from Prada to Beyoncé."[107]

        On June 3, 2017, the 111th anniversary of her birth, Google released an animated Google Doodle, which consists of a slideshow chronicling her life and achievements.[108]

        On Thursday, November 22, 2018, a documentary entitled Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening, directed by Ilana Navaro, premiered at the Beirut Art Film Festival. It contains rarely seen archival footage, including some never before discovered, with music and narration.[109]

        In August 2019, Baker was one of those inducted in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro District noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields".[110][111][112]

        Panthéon in Paris
        Baker in the Panthéon

        In May 2021, an online petition was set up by writer Laurent Kupferman asking that Joséphine Baker be honoured by being reburied at the Panthéon in Paris or being granted Panthéon honours, which would make her only the sixth woman at the mausoleum alongside Simone Veil, Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz, Marie Curie, Germaine Tillion, and Sophie Berthelot.[113] In August 2021 the French President, Emmanuel Macron, announced that Baker's remains would be reburied at the Panthéon in November 2021, following the petition and continued requests from Baker's family since 2013.[114] Her son Claude Bouillon-Baker, however, told Agence France-Presse that her body would remain in Monaco and only a plaque would be installed at the Panthéon.[115] It was later announced that a symbolic casket containing soil from various locations where Baker had lived, including St. Louis, Paris, the South of France and Monaco, would be carried by the French Air and Space Force in a parade in Paris before a ceremony at the Panthéon where the casket was interred.[116] The ceremony took place on Tuesday 30 November 2021, and Baker thus became the first black woman to be honored in the secular temple to the "great men" of the French Republic.[117][12]

        Works portraying or inspired by Baker

        Film and television

        Stage
        • In 1986, Helen Gelzer[134] portrayed Baker on the concept album Josephine – "a musical version of the life and times of Josephine Baker" with book, lyrics and music by Michael Wild.[135] The musical director was Paul Maguire. The album was produced in conjunction with Baker's longtime friend Jack Hockett and Premier Box Office.[136] A West End stage production of Josephine was premiered at the Fortune Theatre on June 4, 1989.[137] It was produced by Ian Liston and financed in conjunction with Jack Hockett and Premier Box Office. Sadly, Jack Hockett passed away in 1988 before the show was staged. Heather Gillespie played the lead role of Josephine Baker, and Baker’s husband Pepito was played by Roland Alexander. Peggy Phango played Bricktop.[138]
        • In 2006, Jérôme Savary produced a musical, A La Recherche de Josephine – New Orleans for Ever (Looking for Josephine), starring Nicolle Rochelle. The story revolved around the history of jazz and Baker's career.[139][140]
        • In 2006, Deborah Cox starred in the musical Josephine at Florida's Asolo Theatre, directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely, with a book by Ellen Weston and Mark Hampton, music by Steve Dorff and lyrics by John Bettis.[141]
        • In July 2012, Cheryl Howard opened in The Sensational Josephine Baker, written and performed by Howard and directed by Ian Streicher at the Beckett Theatre of Theatre Row on 42nd Street in New York City, just a few doors away from Chez Josephine.[142][143]
        • In July 2013, Cush Jumbo's debut play Josephine and I premiered at the Bush Theatre, London.[144] It was re-produced in New York City at The Public Theater's Joe's Pub from 27 February to 5 April 2015.[145]
        • In June 2016, Josephine, a burlesque cabaret dream play starring Tymisha Harris as Josephine Baker premiered at the 2016 San Diego Fringe Festival. The show has since played across North America and had a limited off-Broadway run in January–February 2018 at SoHo Playhouse in New York City.[146]
        • In late February 2017, a new play about Baker's later years, The Last Night of Josephine Baker by playwright Vincent Victoria, opened in Houston, Texas,[147] starring Erica Young as "Past Josephine" and Jasmin Roland as "Present Josephine".[148]
        • Actress DeQuina Moore portrayed Baker in a biographic musical titled Josephine Tonight at The Ensemble Theatre in Houston, Texas, from June 27 to July 28, 2019.[149]
        • In September 2021, Theatre Royal, Bath, in conjunction with Oxford Playhouse and Wales Millennium Centre produced a UK touring production of Josephine co-written by Leona Allen and Jesse Briton who also directed the show. It toured the UK and featured Ebony Feare in the lead role as Josephine Baker.[150]
        • Since 2016 Dynamite Lunchbox Entertainment of Orlando Florida has been touring "Josephine, a burlesque cabaret dream play",[151] co-created by and starring Tymisha Harris, to Fringe Festivals around Canada and the U.S. It played at the Montreal Fringe Festival in 2022. It is part of the 2022-2023 official season at the Segal Centre for the Performing Arts in Montreal (spring 2023) as Josephine, A Musical Cabaret.

        Literature

        Baker appears in her role as a member of the French Resistance in Johannes Mario Simmel's 1960 novel, Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein (C'est pas toujours du caviar).[152] The 2004 erotic novel Scandalous by British author Angela Campion uses Baker as its heroine and is inspired by Baker's sexual exploits and later adventures in the French Resistance. In the novel, Baker, working with a fictional Black Canadian lover named Drummer Thompson, foils a plot by French fascists in 1936 Paris.[153] Baker was heavily featured in the 2012 book Josephine's Incredible Shoe & The Blackpearls by Peggi Eve Anderson-Randolph.[154] In his novel Noire, la neige, Marseille, Editions Parenthèses, ISBN 978-2-86364-648-9, Pascal Rannou evokes the relationship between Valaida Snow and Josephine Baker, who is one of the main characters of this story.

        Music
        • The Italian-Belgian francophone singer composer Salvatore Adamo pays tribute to Baker with the song "Noël Sur Les Milandes" (album Petit Bonheur – EMI 1970).
        • The British band Sailor paid tribute on their 1974 self-titled debut album Sailor with the Georg Kajanus song "Josephine Baker" who "...stunned the world at the Folies Bergere..."
        • The title track of the 1987 Premiata Forneria Marconi album Miss Baker was written in honor of the American dancer Josephine Baker.
        • British singer-songwriter, Al Stewart wrote a song about Josephine Baker. It appears on the album Last days of the century from 1988.
        • Beyoncé Knowles has portrayed Baker on various occasions. During the 2006 Fashion Rocks show, Knowles performed "Dejá Vu" in a revised version of the Danse banane costume. In Knowles's video for "Naughty Girl", she is seen dancing in a huge champagne glass à la Baker. In I Am ... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas, Beyoncé lists Baker as an influence of a section of her live show.[155]
        • In 2010, Keri Hilson portrayed Baker in her single "Pretty Girl Rock".[156]
        • In January 2022, Laquita Mitchell sang the title role in the New Orleans Opera production of Josephine by Tom Cipullo.[157]

        Artworks

        Film credits
        Film credits for Josephine Baker
        Year Title Role Notes Ref.
        1927 La Sirène des Tropiques (Siren of the Tropics) Papitou silent film [44][165]
        1927 Die Frauen von Folies Bergères (The Woman from the Folies Bergères) silent film [45]
        1927 La revue des revues (Parisian Pleasures) herself [45]
        1928 Le pompier des Folies Bergères unnamed erotic short [166][167]
        1934 Zouzou Zouzou [39]
        1935 Princesse Tam Tam Aouina [166][45]
        1945 Fausse alerte (The French Way) Zazu Clairon [168][169]
        1941 Moulin Rouge [45]
        1954 An jedem Finger zehn (Ten on Every Finger) [45]
        1955 Carosello del varietà (Carousel of Variety) [45]

        Documentaries
        • Joséphine Baker. Black Diva in a White Mans World. Film by Annette von Wangenheim, about Baker's life and work from a perspective that analyses images of Black people in popular culture, WDR/3sat, 2006
        • “Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening,” directed by Ilana Navaro, premiered at the Beirut Art Film Festival in 2018.

        Notes
        1. Uncertainty about her career and her need for love and respectability made her consider marrying Pepito on whom she could depend, and who loved her. However, she was still married to Willie Baker, which didn't prevent the "couple" from announcing to the press that they had wed in June 1927.

        References
        1. Le bien public, Jean-Claude Rouzaud s'est éteint, pas Jean-Claude Bouillon-Baker, 01/22, 2015
        2. Sud ouest, « Je lui dois bien plus que ça », 03/24, 2012
        3. Atwood, Kathryn (2011). Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago Review Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-55652-961-0.
        4. NYC, The Charles. "Highlighting Black + LGBT Pioneers: Josephine Baker". Believe Out Loud. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
        5. Kelleher, Katy (March 26, 2010). "She'll Always Have Paris". Jezebel. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
        6. Bostock, William W. (2002). "Collective Mental State and Individual Agency: Qualitative Factors in Social Science Explanation". Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung. 3 (3). ISSN 1438-5627. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
        7. Roberts, Kimberly (April 8, 2011). "Remembering Josephine Baker". Philadelphia Tribune.
        8. "Josephine Baker: The life of an artist and activist". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
        9. Baker, Jean-Claude (1993). Josephine: The Hungry Heart (First ed.). Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-40915-1.
        10. Bouillon, Joe (1977). Josephine (First ed.). Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-010212-8.
        11. sur France Culture, radio), in french
        12. Chrisafis, Angelique (November 30, 2021). "Josephine Baker, music hall star and civil rights activist, enters Panthéon". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
        13. "Joséphine Baker au Panthéon : retrouvez l'intégralité de la cérémonie" [Joséphine Baker at the Pantheon: transcript of the entire ceremony]. Le Monde (in French). November 30, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
        14. "Josephine Baker (Freda McDonald) Native of St. Louis, Missouri". Black Missouri. February 10, 2008. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
        15. "About Art Deco – Josephine Baker". Victoria and Albert Museum. July 29, 2015. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
        16. "About Josephine Baker: Biography". Official site of Josephine Baker. 2008. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
        17. Jules-Rosette (2007), p. 53.
        18. Jules-Rosette (2007), p. 52-53.
        19. Wood, Ian (2000). The Josephine Baker Story. United Kingdom: MPG Books. pp. 241–318. ISBN 978-1-86074-286-6.
        20. 1920 United States Federal Census
        21. Whitaker, Matthew C. (2011). Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries. p. 64.
        22. "The Rise and Fall of Josephine Baker". Dollars & Sense. 13. 1987.
        23. Keyes, Allison. "The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
        24. "Racial memory: Clear as black and white". St. Louis Public Radio. June 27, 2008. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
        25. Matthews, Dasha (February 26, 2018). "The Activism of Josephine Baker". UMKC Women's Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
        26. Appel, Jacob M. (May 2, 2009). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture.
        27. Webb, Shawncey (2016). "Josephine Baker". Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia – via Research Starters, EBSCOhost.
        28. "Baker, Josephine (1906–1975) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
        29. "Josephine Baker makes history as first Black woman honored in France's Pantheon". PBS NewsHour. November 29, 2021. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
        30. Kirchner, Bill, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to Jazz. Oxford University Press. p. 700. ISBN 978-0-19-512510-8.
        31. Williams, Iain Cameron (2003). Underneath a Harlem Moon ... The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall. Continuum Int. Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-5893-3.
        32. Stephen Bourne (January 24, 2003). "The real first lady of jazz". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
        33. "About Josephine Baker: Biography". Official Josephine Baker website. The Josephine Baker Estate. 2008. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
        34. Shack, W. A. (2001). Harlem in Montmartre: A Paris Jazz Story Between the Great Wars. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-520-92569-4.
        35. "From the archive, 26 August 1974: An interview with Josephine Baker". The Guardian. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
        36. ""Quotes": the official Josephine Baker website". Cmgww.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
        37. Lahs-Gonzales, Olivia (2006). "Josephine Baker: Image & Icon". Jazz Book Review. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009.
        38. "From the archive, 26 August 1974: An interview with Josephine Baker". The Guardian. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
        39. Bergfelder, Harris & Street (2007), pp. 191–198.
        40. Esha (July 4, 2020). "Josephine Baker in Yugoslavia". historicly.substack.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
        41. Ralling, Christopher (1987). Chasing a Rainbow: The Life of Josephine Baker.
        42. Jules-Rosette (2007), p. .
        43. Asante, Molefi Kete (2013). The African American People: A Global History. Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-136-50677-2. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
        44. Bergfelder, Harris & Street (2007), p. 193.
        45. McCann, Bob (2009). Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and television. McFarland. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7864-5804-2. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
        46. Bergfelder, Harris & Street (2007), pp. 193–197.
        47. "Josephine Baker: The First Black Super Star". Allblackwoman.com. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
        48. Schroeder, Alan and Heather Lehr Wagner (2006). Josephine Baker: Entertainer. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-7910-9212-5. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
        49. Cullen, Frank (2006). Vaudeville, Old and New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America, 2 volumes. Routledge. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
        50. Robinson, Susan (June 3, 1906). "Josephine Baker". Gibbs Magazine. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
        51. McKay, Feargal (October 14, 2021). "When Josephine Baker Sprinkled Her Stardust on the Tour de France". Podium Café. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
        52. Rose (1989), pp. 182–269.
        53. "Female Spies in World War I and World War II". About.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
        54. Rose (1989), pp. 232–269.
        55. "Josephine Baker's Sheet Music". International Spy Museum. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
        56. Rose 1989.
        57. Joyce, Dr Robin (March 5, 2017). "Josephine Baker, 1906–1975". Women's History Network. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
        58. "Josephine Baker hero". Heroes: What They Do & Why We Need Them. University of Richmond. May 25, 2014. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
        59. Reed, Tom (1992). The Black music history of Los Angeles, its roots: 50 years in Black music: a classical pictorial history of Los Angeles Black music of the 20's, 30's, 40's, 50's and 60's : photographic essays that define the people, the artistry and their contributions to the wonderful world of entertainment (1st, limited ed.). Los Angeles: Black Accent on L.A. Press. ISBN 978-0-9632908-6-1. OCLC 28801394.
        60. "Josephine Baker to Crown Queen". Headliner. Los Angeles Sentinel. May 22, 1952.
        61. Hinckley, David (November 9, 2004). "Firestorm Incident at the Stork Club, 1951". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
        62. "Stork Club Refused to Serve Her, Josephine Baker Claims". Milwaukee Journal. October 19, 1951. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
        63. Spoto, Donal (2009). High Society: The Life of Grace Kelly. New York: Harmony Books. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-307-46251-0. OCLC 496121174.
        64. Kissel, Howard (May 3, 2000). "Stork Club Special Delivery Exhibit at the New York Historical Society recalls a glamour gone with the wind". Daily News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
        65. Dittmer (1994), p. 21.
        66. Rustin, Bayard (February 28, 2006). "Profiles in Courage for Black History Month". National Black Justice Coalition. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
        67. "Civil Rights March on Washington". Infoplease.com. August 28, 1963. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
        68. Baker, Josephine; Bouillon, Joe (1977). Josephine (First ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-010212-8.
        69. "March on Washington had one female speaker: Josephine Baker". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
        70. "(1963) Josephine Baker, "Speech at the March on Washington"". The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. November 3, 2011. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
        71. Garber, Marjorie (2013). Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-415-92661-4.
        72. Assouline, P. (1997). Simenon, A Biography. Knopf. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-679-40285-5.
        73. Donald, James (May 21, 2015). "4: Jazz in Stone and Steel: Josephine Baker and Modern Architecture". Some of These Days: Black Stars, Jazz Aesthetics, and Modernist Culture. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–130. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199354016.003.0005.
        74. "Josephine Baker". cmgww.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
        75. Strong, Lester Q. (2006). "Baker, Josephine (1906–1975)" (PDF). GLBTQ Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
        76. "Biography". Josephine Baker Estate. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
        77. Onion, Rebecca (April 18, 2014). "Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
        78. Guterl, Matthew Pratt (April 19, 2014). "Would the perfect family contain a child from every race?". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
        79. Denéchère, Yves (November 30, 2021). "Josephine Baker's 'Rainbow Tribe' and the pursuit of universal brotherhood". The Conversation. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
        80. Fornés, Nora G. (November 17, 2022). "Joséphine Baker's son: 'For us, her most obvious legacy is tolerance'". EL PAÍS. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
        81. Papich, Stephen (1976). Remembering Josephine. Bobbs-Merrill. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-672-52257-4.
        82. "Josephine Baker Biography". Women in History. 2008. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
        83. Jules-Rosette (2007), p. 190.
        84. Von Merlind, Theile (October 2, 2009). "Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe". Der Spiegel.
        85. "Josephine Baker Exhibit: Jarry Baker Attending on Behalf of Jean-Claude Baker". Artifax Daily. July 21, 2019. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
        86. Theile, Merlind (October 2, 2009). "Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
        87. Weber, Bruce (January 15, 2021). "Jean-Claude Baker Dies at 71; Restaurateur Honored a Chanteuse". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
        88. "Josephine Baker". Notable Black American Women. 1992. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021 – via Gale in Context: Biography.
        89. Guterl, Matthew (2014). Josephine Baker and the Rainbow Tribe. Belknap Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-674-04755-6.
        90. "African American Celebrity Josephine Baker, Dancer and Singer". AfricanAmericans.com. 2008. Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
        91. "Josephine Baker Is Dead in Paris at 68". The New York Times. April 13, 1975. p. 60. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
        92. Ara, Konomi (March 30, 2010). "Josephine Baker: A Chanteuse and a Fighter". Journal of Transnational American Studies. 2 (1). doi:10.5070/T821006983. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
        93. Sanders, Charles L. (May 15, 1975). "Josephine Baker's Estate May Exceed $3 Million". Jet4. pp. 26–29. ISSN 0021-5996. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
        94. Verany, Cedric (November 1, 2008). "Monaco Cimetière: des bornes interactives pour retrouver les tombes". Monaco Matin. Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
        95. "Visite funéraire de Monaco". Amis et Passionés du Père-Lachaise. August 30, 2005. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
        96. Co-Freemasonry, Masonic Order of Universal. "Masonic Biographies | Josephine Baker". Universal Co-Masonry. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
        97. St. Louis Walk of Fame. "St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees". stlouiswalkoffame.org. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
        98. "Hall of Famous Missourians". Missouri House of Representatives. March 29, 1995. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
        99. Lab, Missouri Historical Society | Mohistory. "Junction of Channing Avenue (Josephine Baker Boulevard) with Lindell Boulevard and Olive Street". The Missouri Historical Society is ... Missouri Historical Society and was founded in 1866. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
        100. "Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques – 2342 – Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News". Windy City Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
        101. "Piscine Joséphine Baker". paris.fr (in French). Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
        102. "What do twerking and the Charleston have in common?". BBC Magazine Monitor. November 17, 2014. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
        103. "Chez Josephine". Jean-Claude Baker. 2009. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
        104. Crosley, Sloane (July 12, 2016). "Exploring the France That Josephine Baker Loved". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
        105. Milne, Andrew (October 29, 2019). "Spend a day with Josephine Baker in her beloved château". Explore France. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
        106. Kraut, Anthea (Summer 2008). "Review: Josephine Baker in Art and Life: The Icon and the Image by Bennetta Jules-Rosette". Dance Research Journal. 40 (1): 83–86. doi:10.1017/S014976770000139X. JSTOR 20527595. S2CID 191289759.
        107. Jerkins, Morgan (June 3, 2016). "90 Years Later, the Radical Power of Josephine Baker's Banana Skirt". Vogue. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
        108. Buxton, Madeleine (June 3, 2017). "Google Doodle Honors Jazz Age Icon & Civil Rights Activist Josephine Baker". Refinery 29. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
        109. "Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening". Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
        110. Barmann, Jay (September 2, 2014). "Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today". SFist. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
        111. Bajko, Matthew S. (June 5, 2019). "Castro to see more LGBT honor plaques". The Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
        112. Yollin, Patricia (August 6, 2019). "Tributes in Bronze: 8 More LGBT Heroes Join S.F.'s Rainbow Honor Walk". KQED: The California Report. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
        113. "Petition seeks to honour French Resistance hero Joséphine Baker at the Panthéon". France 24. May 30, 2021. Archived from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
        114. "Musical legend Josephine Baker to enter France's Pantheon". France 24. August 22, 2021. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
        115. "First black woman to enter French Panthéon of heroes". BBC News. August 23, 2021. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
        116. Weisholtz, Drew (November 30, 2021). "Josephine Baker becomes first Black woman honored at France's Panthéon". Today. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
        117. "La force symbolique de l'entrée au Panthéon de Joséphine Baker, « combattante de la liberté »". Le Monde.fr (in French). November 30, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
        118. "An Evening With Diana Ross (1977)". dianarossproject. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        119. Tucker, Ken (March 15, 1991). "The Josephine Baker Story". EW.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
        120. Baer, Hester (Winter 2012). "'Das Boot' and the German Cinema of Neoliberalism". The German Quarterly. Wiley on behalf of the American Association of Teachers of German. 85 (1, German Film Studies): 34. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1183.2012.00135.x. JSTOR 41494715. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
        121. "Anastasia-Paris Hold the Key (to Your Heart) Original". Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012 – via YouTube.
        122. "Frida". Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        123. Ebert, Roger (November 1, 2002). "Frida". roger ebert. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        124. "The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)". bonjourparis.com. August 2009. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        125. Scheib, Ronnie (March 13, 2009). "Review: 'Carmen and Geoffrey'". Variety. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
        126. "Langston Hughes African American Film Festival 2009: Carmen and Geoffrey". bside.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
        127. "The characters referenced in Woody Allen's Midnight in Paris (Part 16, Josephine Baker)". thedailyhatch.org. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        128. Hammond, Margo (July 29, 2011). "A Midnight in Paris tour takes you back to the Paris of the '20s". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        129. Shoemaker, Allison (February 7, 2017). "Timeless gets tipsy in a solid and unexpectedly timely episode". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
        130. "Astrid Jones actress". Astrid Jones and her Creative Universe. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
        131. "'Lovecraft Country' Recap: Shoot the Moon". Rolling Stone. September 27, 2020. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
        132. Goodfellow, Melanie (November 3, 2022). "'Cuties' Director Maïmouna Doucouré To Write & Direct Josephine Baker Biopic For Studiocanal". Deadline. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
        133. Keslassy, Elsa; Hopewell, John (November 3, 2022). "Studiocanal Sets 'Cuties' Helmer Maïmouna Doucouré to Direct Josephine Baker Biopic Feature (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
        134. "Biography – Helen Gelzer". danforthmusic.net. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
        135. Helen Gelzer as 'Josephine': the concept musical. 1986. OCLC 058782854.
        136. "Jack Hockett – Josephine Baker correspondence, etc., (dated 1967–1976)". Henry Hurford Janes – Josephine Baker Collection. Yale University Archives. Box: 2, Folder: 78. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021.
        137. Composer, Known Only to God and Anna Neagle: the autobiography of Michael Wild as related to Cyd Slater, Michael Wild and Cyd Slater, ISBN 978-1-7242-5399-6, publ. 2018, Chapter 11, Josephine, pp. 121-127
        138. Josephine (state musical), Fortune Theatre, London, June 4, 1989 premier, Theatricalia:Josephine(retrieved May 25), 2023
        139. "À la recherche de Joséphine". paris-tourist.com. November 25, 2006. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        140. "Joséphine Baker". Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        141. Clement, Olivia (May 11, 2016). "The Verdict: What Do Critics Think of Josephine?". Playbill. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
        142. "Latest News". The Sensational Josephine Baker. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        143. "The Sensational Josephine Baker". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        144. "Bush Theatre". Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
        145. "Josephine and I". publictheater.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
        146. "Home". Josephine the play. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
        147. "The Last Night of Josephine Baker". OutSmart Magazine. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
        148. Laird, Gary (February 27, 2017). "BWW Review: Josephine Reigns Supreme in 'The Last Night of Josephine Baker' at Midtown Arts Center". Broadway World Houston. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
        149. "The Ensemble Theatre Elevates the Life of Josephine Baker in Season Finale Musical 'Josephine Tonight'". Houston Style Magazine. June 12, 2019. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
        150. "Josephine — Theatre Royal Bath". www.theatreroyal.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
        151. admin. "Home". Josephine the play. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
        152. "Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein". The New York Times Book Review. 70: 150. 1965.
        153. Campion, Angela (2004). Scandalous. Brown Skin Books. ISBN 978-0-9544866-2-4.
        154. Anderson-Randolph, Peggi Eve (2012). Josephine's Incredible Shoe and the Blackpearls. Vol. 1. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4775-7015-9.
        155. Breen, Mike (April 12, 2012). "This Date in Music History: April 12 | Legend Josephine Baker passes away and Vince Gill is born". citybeat.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        156. "Keri Hilson Pays Tribute To Janet, TLC, Supremes In 'Pretty Girl Rock' Video". yahoo music. November 17, 2010. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
        157. Salazar, Francisco (January 3, 2022). "Artist of the Week: Laquita Mitchell". operawire.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
        158. "Alexander Calder. Josephine Baker (III). Paris, c. 1927". The Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
        159. "Fall Salon at Grand Palais Crowded as Parisians View 2,750 Canvases", International Herald Tribune, Nov. 1, 1931, p. 5.
        160. "179,200 € Pour le Portrait Inédit de Joséphine Baker aux Enchères". ader-paris.fr. November 19, 2021.
        161. Two drawings by de Botton depicting Josephine Baker, also from 1931, are conserved at the Musée franco-américain du château de Blérancourt.
        162. Hauptman, Jodi (2014). "Bodies and Waves". In Buchberg, Karl D.; Cullinan, Nicholas; Hauptman, Jodi; Sirota, Nicholas; Friedman, Samantha; Frigeri, Flavia (eds.). Henri Matisse: the cut-outs. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-87070-915-9. OCLC 859305247.
        163. Millard, Charles W. (1978). "The Matisse Cut-Out". The Hudson Review. 31 (2): 326. doi:10.2307/3849913. ISSN 0018-702X. JSTOR 3849913.
        164. Crenn, Julie (November 21, 2010). "Icône de la constellation Noire: Joséphine Baker". Africultures.com (in French). Archived from the original on December 6, 2010.
        165. Francis (2021), p. 68.
        166. Jules-Rosette (2007), p. 75.
        167. Francis (2021), p. 6.
        168. Jules-Rosette (2007), pp. 75, 217.
        169. De Baroncelli, Jacques. The French Way – Josephine Baker. Retrieved January 18, 2019.

        Bibliography
        • "The Josephine Baker collection, 1926–2001". Stanford University Libraries. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011.
        • Atwood, Kathryn J. & Olson, Sarah (2011). Women Heroes of World War II: 26 Stories of Espionage, Sabotage, Resistance, and Rescue. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-961-0.
        • Baker, J.C. & Chase, Chris (1993). Josephine: The Hungry Heart. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-40915-1.
        • Baker, Jean-Claude & Chase, Chris (1995). Josephine: The Josephine Baker Story. Adams Media Corp. ISBN 978-1-55850-472-1.
        • Baker, Josephine & Bouillon, Jo (1995). Josephine. Marlowe & Co. ISBN 978-1-56924-978-9.
        • Bergfelder, Tim; Harris, Sue & Street, Sarah (2007). "French Cinema in the 1930s: Space, Place, and National Identity". Film Architecture and the Transnational Imagination: Set Design in 1930s European Cinema. Amsterdam University Press. JSTOR j.ctt46mscn.7.
        • Bonini, Emmanuel (2000). La veritable Josephine Baker. Paris: Pigmalean Gerard Watelet. ISBN 978-2-85704-616-5.
        • Dittmer, John (1994). Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06507-1.
        • Francis, Terri Simone (2021). Josephine Baker's Cinematic Prism. Indiana University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1dc9k61. ISBN 978-0-253-22338-8. S2CID 243157615.
        • Guterl, Matthew (2014). Josephine Baker and the Rainbow Tribe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04755-6.
        • Hammond O'Connor, Patrick (1988). Josephine Baker. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-02441-9.
        • Haney, Lynn (2002) [1995]. Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker. London: Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-507-1.
        • Jules-Rosette, Bennetta (2006). Josephine Baker: Image and Icon. Reedy Press. ISBN 978-1-933370-02-6.
        • Jules-Rosette, Bennetta (2007). Josephine Baker in Art and Life. Chicago: Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07412-7.
        • Kraut, Anthea (October 17, 2003). "Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of Josephine Baker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Katherine Dunham". Theatre Journal. 55 (3): 433–50. doi:10.1353/tj.2003.0125. S2CID 194074254.
        • Lewis, Damien (2022). Agent Josephine: American Beauty, French Hero, British Spy (hardback). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-5417-0066-6.
        • Mackrell, Judith (2013). Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation. ISBN 978-0-330-52952-5.
        • Mahon, Elizabeth Kerri (2011). Scandalous Women: The Lives and Loves of History's Most Notorious Women. Perigee Trade. ISBN 978-0-399-53645-8.
        • Miller, Mark (2007). High Hat, Trumpet and Rhythm: The Life and Music of Valaida Snow. Toronto: The Mercury Press. ISBN 978-1-55128-127-8.
        • Rose, Phyllis (1989). Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in her time. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-24891-4.
        • Schroeder, Alan (1989). Ragtime Tumpie. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316774970.
        • Schroeder, Alan (1990). Josephine Baker. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-1116-4.
        • Theile, Merlind (October 2, 2009). "Adopting the World: Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe". Spiegel Online International. Archived from the original on October 4, 2009.
        • Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Underneath a Harlem Moon: The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall. Bloomsbury Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8264-5893-3.
        • Wood, Ean (2002). The Josephine Baker Story. Sanctuary Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86074-394-8.
        Wikiquote has quotations related to Josephine Baker.
        Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josephine Baker.
        This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.