Josephine Wright Chapman

Josephine Wright Chapman (1867–1943) was a pioneering woman architect, one of fewer than 100 practicing nationally in the first half of the 20th century. She was also the first woman architect "in the history of American architecture to start and head her very own firm,"[1][2] which she accomplished at the tail end of the 19th century.[3] Practicing both in Boston and New York, she got her start as an apprentice in the prestigious Blackall, Clapp and Whittemore firm. Her first practice opened in 1897 in Grundmann Studios, a Boston-based women's art collective. A member of the New York Society of Architects, and one of only 70 female architects in the United States at the time,[3] she was refused admission by both the American Institute of Architects and the Boston Architectural Club on the basis of her gender.[1] Nonetheless, her repertoire soon included "churches, clubs, libraries, and apartments, as well as the Women’s Clubs in Lynn and Worcester, Massachusetts."[4] Chapman's second practice was founded in New York, and that's when her career really took off,"[a]s confirmed by The Ladies’ Home Journal, which noted her popularity: “You can find her [Chapman’s] work everywhere in the environs of New York…”[3]

Josephine Wright Chapman
1901 portrait of Josephine Wright Chapman.
Born1867
Died1943
Alma materBlackall, Clapp and Whittemore apprenticeship
OccupationArchitect
Awards1901 Pan-American Exposition New England building award
PracticeOwn practice in Boston and New York
BuildingsFour of Chapman’s buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places

Four of Chapman's buildings are now in the National Register of Historic Places: Boston's steel-framed Winthrop Building, Harvard's Craigie Arms (since renamed for Chapman), Worcester's Tuckerman Hall and Washington D.C.'s Hillandale, built for the heiress to Standard Oil in 1923.[1][5]

Career

Chapman's architectural education began in 1892 when Clarence Blackall agreed to let her apprentice under him.[5] Blackall taught her about public building design and how to experiment with new materials. In 1893, the firm designed the first steel-frame building, the Winthrop Building in Boston.

Chapman would go on to set up her own firm in Boston, in Grundmann Studios, a women's art collective, in 1897.[6] "The commission that made her reputation would be the New England Building at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition. She began design work on it as soon as the announcement of the contest for the building appeared in the papers."[3] That set the stage for all of her future success.

Chapman was commissioned by Harvard University to design their Craigie Arms dormitory. While working on that project she also designed St. Mark's Episcopal in Leominster, Massachusetts.[7] By the start of the 20th century, Chapman had six drafters, including one woman, at her firm.[2]

After 1901, she applied to join the American Institute of Architects and the Boston Architectural Club. Both refused to admit her.[5] In 1907, after relocating to New York City, she was accepted by the New York Society of Architects.[4] There, she opened a firm at Washington Square Park, focusing on residential design.[2] Around 1909 she "reign[ed] supreme as the only woman architect in the Hub."[8]

(Selection was limited by availability.)

Designs

Personal

Chapman was described as "modest, direct, simple," with "ability, energy, and indomitable faith in herself." (Ladies Home Journal, October 1914).[3] Raised in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Chapman was one of four daughters to Mary E. Wright and James Levi Chapman, the president of the Fitchburg Machine Works.[5] Miss Chapman retired in 1925 and moved to Paris. She later went to England, where her London home was destroyed in the aerial blitz of 1940. She then moved to Bradford-on-Avon.

See also

References
  1. "Chapman, Josephine Wright – BWAF Dynamic National Archive". dna.bwaf.org. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  2. Sarah Allaback (May 23, 2008). The first American women architects. University of Illinois Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-252-03321-6. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
  3. "Pan American Exposition Buffalo 1901". panam1901.org. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  4. She plans fine houses. Ottawa Free Trader, April 19, 1901
  5. "Josephine Wright Chapman". Freedom's Way National Heritage Area. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  6. Boston Evening Transcript – October 23, 1897
  7. "St. Mark's Episcopal Church". Freedom's Way National Heritage Area. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  8. Some Successful Women Architects. Wilkes-Barre Times-Leader (Pennsylvania); Date: Jan 20, 1909
  9. Ottawa Free Trader, April 19, 1901
  10. She Builds Churches. Boston Has Developed a New Sphere of Industry for Women's Effort. Biloxi Daily Herald; Date: Jun 22, 1900
  11. Biloxi Daily Herald; Date: Jun 22, 1900
  12. Carpentry and Building, April 1901
  13. "Tuckerman Hall".
  14. Helen M. Winslow. The Boston Women's Club House. Delineator, 1903.
  15. Woman's Club House Corporation. Boston Evening Transcript – October 23, 1897
  16. "Hillandale Homeowners Association".
  17. Habitats/Douglas Manor; Rustic Queens Hideaway. The New York Times, August 14, 1994
  18. "Douglas Manor, NY". Archived from the original on January 8, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2012.

Further reading
  • Chapman. How to Decorate Your Home. Success. June 1904.
  • Chapman. Pretty Wall Coverings. Success. May 1905.
  • Chapman. Home Furnishings and Decorations. Success, June 1905.
  • Chapman. Letter to the editor. New York Times, September 8, 1914.
  • Sarah Allaback. The First American Women Architects. University of Illinois Press, 2008.
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