Judd (engine)

Judd KV[10][11][12]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	1993–2004
Layout
Configuration	90° V8
Displacement	3.0 L (183 cu in)
Cylinder bore	88 mm (3.5 in)
Piston stroke	61.5 mm (2 in)
Cylinder block material	Aluminum and Magnesium alloy
Cylinder head material	Aluminum and Magnesium alloy
Valvetrain	32-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Compression ratio	13:1
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Fuel type	Gasoline
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	450–520 hp (336–388 kW)
Torque output	290–300 lb⋅ft (393–407 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight	120 kg (265 lb)

After the company's departure from Formula One, Judd returned to Formula 3000 in 1995 with the development of the 3-litre KV V8 engine. Judd built the engines that every Formula 3000 team used, although Zytek was tasked with maintaining the over 80 engines after they were built. Judd stopped production of the KV and the Formula 3000 series ended in 2004; contrary to rumour, Zytek did not use the KV engine as a basis for the A1 Grand Prix units in 2005, but used their own V8 designed by ex-Judd engineer Hiro Kaneda.[13]

Judd CV[14][15]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	1988–1990
Layout
Configuration	90° V8
Displacement	3.5 L (214 cu in)
Valvetrain	32-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	570–610 hp (425–455 kW)
Torque output	320–340 lb⋅ft (434–461 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Length	540 mm (21 in)
Width	545 mm (21.5 in)
Height	665 mm (26.2 in)
Dry weight	127 kg (280 lb)

The first Formula One engine developed by Judd, the CV, was built to the 3.5-litre engine formula for naturally aspirated engines. The engine shared many design features with the Judd BV engine, but was expanded to 3.5 litres. March Engineering was the first team who signed to use the Judd CV. Reigning World Constructors' champion Williams was later forced also to turn to Judd, after they lost their supply of Honda engines for 1988. In addition, Ligier also bought CVs for use in the 1988 season. Judd-powered cars finished in podium positions four times during their debut season, with Williams' lead driver, Nigel Mansell, scoring Judd's first podium when he finished second at the 1988 British Grand Prix.

During the 1988 season, the 600 bhp (447 kW; 608 PS) Judd V8 was commonly the fastest of the non-turbo engines, and the Marches of Ivan Capelli and Maurício Gugelmin regularly recorded higher speeds through the speed trap than the Cosworth DFR- and DFZ-powered cars with Gugelmin recording the fastest "atmo" speed trap of the season when he hit 312 km/h (194 mph) during qualifying for the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim (though this was still considerably slower than the turbo-powered McLaren-Hondas which were timed at 333 km/h (207 mph)). At the 1988 Japanese Grand Prix Capelli's Judd-powered March 881 became the first naturally-aspirated car to lead a lap of a Grand Prix since 1983, when he briefly passed the McLaren of two-time World Drivers' champion Alain Prost for the lead on lap 16 of the 51 lap race.

For the 1989 season, Judd developed the all-new narrow-angle Judd EV, with a more compact 76-degree V angle, rather than the more conventional 90 degrees of the Judd AV/BV/CV, and the Cosworth DFV series. Construction of the CV continued as a cheaper alternative for smaller teams. Team Lotus and EuroBrun were the only CV customers, with Lotus finishing sixth in the Constructors' Championship. EuroBrun was originally the only team to continue with the CV unit into 1990, but Life eventually bought CV units to replace their failed in-house W12 engine design.

Judd EV[16][9][17]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	1989–1992
Layout
Configuration	76° V8
Displacement	3.5–4.0 L (214–244 cu in)
Cylinder bore	99 mm (3.9 in)
Piston stroke	56.75 mm (2.2 in)
Valvetrain	32-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	620–680 hp (462–507 kW)
Torque output	320–400 lb⋅ft (434–542 N⋅m)[18]
Dimensions
Length	555 mm (21.9 in)
Width	525 mm (20.7 in)
Height	615 mm (24.2 in)
Dry weight	125–127 kg (276–280 lb)

The previous Judd CV was designed with a conventional 90-degree engine block. Following the 1988 season it was decided that a narrower vee-angle would be adopted to give a more compact engine; the original intent was a 75-degree vee, but limitations in Judd's CNC equipment (it could only work in even-degree increments) meant that 76 degrees was used instead.

March Engineering upgraded their 1988 CV unit to an EV in 1989, while Brabham was also supplied with the new engines. Brabham and March each scored one podium with the EV engine. Both teams continued with the EV in 1990, although March Engineering was renamed Leyton House Racing. Leyton House took the engine's only podium of the season, a second place at the French Grand Prix. For 1991, Team Lotus was the only team to use the older EV.

Judd GV[14]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	1991–1992
Layout
Configuration	72° V10
Displacement	3.5 L (214 cu in)
Valvetrain	40-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	750 hp (559 kW)
Torque output	345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight	130 kg (287 lb)

In the normally aspirated 3.5 litre formula, ten and twelve cylinder engines had proved to be more powerful than V8s. This prompted Judd to replace the CV and EV V8s with an all-new engine in 1991 for the BMS Scuderia Italia team. The new 72-degree angle V10 engine would carry the GV name. The engine was powerful, helping the team to a podium finish in the San Marino Grand Prix.

Judd's agreement with Scuderia Italia ended following the 1991 season, leaving the GVs to be used by the Brabham team and newcomers Andrea Moda Formula in 1992. Neither team scored a point all season and Judd Engines pulled out of Formula One.

Following Judd's withdrawal from Formula One in 1992, John Judd turned to Yamaha to continue production of his engines. Using the Judd GV V10 as a base, Yamaha developed an all-new cylinder head and branded the motor as the OX10, for use by Tyrrell Racing in 1993. Once again, Tyrrell were unable to score any points all season. An improved OX10B for 1994 boosted Tyrrell's performance, as the team scored a podium and finished sixth in the Constructors' Championship.

Rule changes in 1995 saw the OX10C (known by Judd as the HV) reduced to 3 litres, although the architecture of the engine was generally the same. Tyrrell's performance fell off again however, as the team scored five points and finished eighth in the championship. 1996 saw the same points total from Tyrrell, although the new Yamaha OX11 (Judd JV) engine was an all-new design. After 1996 Tyrrell switched to using Ford-branded engines.

An updated C-Spec version of the OX11 was used by Arrows in 1997. Featuring a new bottom end, with changes consisting of a revised sump, crankshaft, oil pump and water pump; the OX11C had an extremely low centre of gravity (and a dry weight of 105 kg vs the Renault RS09's 121 kg) but was underpowered (708 bhp vs the RS09's 755 bhp) and most of all unreliable.

Consequently, a D-Spec was introduced for the fourth race, at Imola, with significant improvements in the airflow management of the combustion chamber area, which permitted the OX11D to gain 20 hp, which along with superior Bridgestone tyres propelled Damon Hill to a second place at the Hungaroring, the 11th race of a year that otherwise was pretty lacklustre with Pedro Diniz's 5th place at the Nürburgring as a last high point before Yamaha consequently pulled the plug on the failing project.

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Judd GV10[19][20][21]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	1992–1993
Layout
Configuration	72° V10
Displacement	3.5 L (214 cu in)
Valvetrain	40-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	650–700 hp (485–522 kW)[22][23]
Torque output	250–294 lb⋅ft (339–399 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight	135–145 kg (298–320 lb)

In 1991, the World Sportscar Championship introduced an engine formula nearly identical to Formula One. This was an attempt to decrease cost by allowing sportscar teams to purchase Formula One engines, while at the same time encouraging major sportscar manufacturers to enter Formula One. This allowed for Judd to offer their GV V10 to customers following modifications to meet the endurance requirements necessary in the World Sportscar Championship.

As financial troubles hit other teams, the Judd V10 became one of the few privately funded engines for the top C1 class. Mazda was forced to turn to Judd to replace their outlawed rotary engines, although the GV10s would be rebadged as Mazda MV10s. Euro Racing, also purchased GV10s for their Lola T92/10s. Mazda finished third in the team's championship while Euro Racing took fifth.

The World Sportscar Championship was cancelled in 1993, quickly ending Judd's first brief involvement in sports car racing.

Judd GV4[24][25]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	1999–present
Layout
Configuration	72° V10
Displacement	4.0 L (244 cu in)
Valvetrain	40-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	730–750 hp (544–559 kW)
Torque output	332–375 lb⋅ft (450–508 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight	135–145 kg (298–320 lb)

After engine involvement with Yamaha in Formula One, Judd returned once again to sports car racing. Believing that a large naturally aspirated engine would be fitting for use as a customer supply in the Sports Racing World Cup, Judd resurrected the GV10 from a few years earlier. Expanded to four litres and upgraded with new technology, the new GV4 became a favorite choice for teams not running the dominant Ferrari 333 SP, eventually winning the championship with Racing for Holland in 2002 and 2003. In 2000 a Doran Ferrari 333 SP-Judd hybrid appeared, the performance of the Judd engine being deemed superior to that of the six-year-old Italian unit, which was no longer supported by Ferrari.

The GV4s also became powerful enough to contest for overall wins in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with Oreca Dallaras running the GV4 finishing fifth and sixth in 2002 as well as an overall victory for Doran Lista at the Rolex 24 at Daytona the same year. The engine's reliability record at Le Mans was still patchy and, while it could challenge for the pole in Domes and Dallaras, the engine RPMs had to be reduced to ensure it survived the race.

Judd GV4.2[26]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	2013–present
Layout
Configuration	72° V10
Displacement	4.2 L (256 cu in)
Valvetrain	40-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	750–775 hp (559–578 kW)
Torque output	383–430 lb⋅ft (519–583 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight	135 kg (298 lb)

The 4.2-litre GV V10 engine was designed and developed for the 2013 season as a result of the remarkable success of the GV4 engine in the Boss series. Compared to the 4.0-litre GV V10 engine, the 4.2-litre GV V10 has been modernized; with lighter cylinder heads, twin-barrel throttles, and a lower centre of gravity. The engine is also 10 kg lighter than the 4-litre version. The engine made its race debut in April 2013 at the Hockenheim circuit in Germany, scoring a double victory on its debut. The engine was expertly installed in the Benetton chassis by Kevin Mansell.

Further success has followed in the 2014, 2015 and 2016 seasons.

Judd KV675[27]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	2001–2005
Layout
Configuration	90° V8
Displacement	3.4 L (207 cu in)
Valvetrain	32-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Electronic fuel injection
Fuel type	Gasoline
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	450 hp (336 kW)
Torque output	265 lb⋅ft (359 N⋅m)

In 2001, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), organisers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, announced new regulations for Le Mans Prototypes. The smaller LMP675 category would allow naturally aspirated V8 engines up to 3.4 litres. Using the design of the Formula 3000 KV V8, Judd expanded the engine to the maximum of 3.4 litres and reinforced it for endurance racing, creating the KV675.

In its debut year, the KV675 won the LMP675 championship in the American Le Mans Series for Dick Barbour Racing. However, factory-supported efforts by MG and then Zytek were the dominant efforts in LMP675, so the KV675 only won its class at the 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans. It also won the LMP2 class championship in the ALMS in 2005. Both victories were for Intersport Racing, installed at the back of their Lola B2K/40.

Judd GV5[28][29]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	2004–2012
Layout
Configuration	72° V10
Displacement	5.0–5.5 L (305–336 cu in)
Valvetrain	40-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	800 hp (597 kW)
Torque output	445–550 lb⋅ft (603–746 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight	135–159 kg (298–351 lb)

In 2002, Judd introduced a variant of the GV4 known as the GV5. The engine capacity increase to five litres was an attempt to reduce rpms, increase torque, and increase reliability. The GV5 quickly proved its superiority over the GV4, when it took second place in the teams' championship in the Rolex Sports Car Series in its debut year with Doran. Pescarolo Sport later went on to finish fourth at the 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans with a GV5. The following year, Pescarolo finished in second place at Le Mans and won the teams' championship in the Le Mans Endurance Series.

The GV5 received an upgrade in 2006, using lighter materials to decrease the weight of the unit by 20 kg.[30] The GV5 S2 showed its performance by taking the Pescarolo to second place once again at Le Mans behind Audi's R10, as well as winning every event in the Le Mans Series season.

The engine was further upgraded in 2007, with an increase in displacement to 5.5 litres to produce more torque while attaining the maximum power at lower rpms and improving fuel consumption, as the Judd GV5.5 S2.[31]

Judd XV675[32]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	2004–2008
Layout
Configuration	90° V8
Displacement	3.4 L (207 cu in)
Valvetrain	32-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Electronic fuel injection
Fuel type	Gasoline
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	540 hp (403 kW)
Torque output	270–350 lb⋅ft (366–475 N⋅m)

In an attempt to displace Ford and Cosworth as the only supplier of engines in the Champ Car World Series, Judd proposed a variant of the KV675 for use in the series through an agreement with MG, who would badge the engine. The deal did not come to fruition, but the development work performed based on the KV675 to adapt it to Champ Car was transferred to sports car racing. The improved engine, known as XV675, retained the 3.4-litre layout but included technology developed from the GV series of engines to increase revs and performance while reducing weight.

The XV675 debuted in 2004 with mixed success. Ray Mallock Ltd. earned the XV675 one of its few successes, winning the LMP2 class at the 2005 24 Hours of Le Mans, but the team later switched to the Advanced Engine Research turbocharged LMP2 engine which had become dominant in the class. It was used until 2008.

Judd DB[33][34][35]
Overview
Manufacturer	Judd
Production	2004–2012
Layout
Configuration	90° V8
Displacement	3.0–4.4 L (183–269 cu in)
Valvetrain	32-valve, DOHC, four-valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel system	Direct fuel injection
Fuel type	Gasoline
Oil system	Dry sump
Output
Power output	540–670 hp (403–500 kW)
Torque output	267–352 lb⋅ft (362–477 N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight	110–116 kg (243–256 lb)[36][37]

On September 12, 2007, Engine Developments announced their plans for a replacement for the XV675, termed the DB. Although it retained the 3.4-litre engine capacity, the unit was entirely new. Judd planned to work closely with a top LMP2 team in order to get better testing out of the DB in 2008 before the engine was released to any customers.[38] The engine is now found at the back of the numerous Lola B08/80 LMP2 cars in the LMS championship where it competes against the Zyteks and the rare Porsche RS Spyders.