Julia Gardiner Tyler

In Washington, Gardiner and her sister Margaret would accumulate so many suitors that an extra room had to be rented to entertain them. She would continue to make visits to Washington over the following years. She received marriage proposals from several prominent figures, including two congressmen and a Supreme Court justice. She would also receive such proposals from President John Tyler.[1]^: 63

She first met Tyler in January 1842, when she was introduced to him at a White House reception.[6]^: 151 On Gardiner's request, her family spent more time in Washington, returning in 1843.[3]^: 68 President Tyler invited Gardiner to a private game of cards on February 7, 1843, after which he playfully chased her around the tables.[5]^: 124 After the death of his first wife, Letitia Christian Tyler, Tyler made it clear that he wished to be romantically involved with Gardiner. Though the Gardiner and Tyler families grew closer, Julia initially felt little attraction to the president, who was 30 years her senior.[1]^: 63 The increased time that Gardiner and President Tyler spent together prompted public speculation about their relationship. Tyler first proposed to her at a White House Masquerade Ball on February 22, 1843, when she was 22 years old. She refused that and later proposals he made,[2] though they reached an understanding by the following month that they would someday be wed.[1]^: 63

On February 22, 1844, Gardiner, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton.[4]^: 81 During this excursion, her father, David Gardiner, along with others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun called the Peacemaker. Gardiner is said to have fainted after learning of her father's death, having President Tyler carry her off the ship.[3]^: 68 While she grieved for her father, even Gardiner acknowledged that the president had become a surrogate father.[5]^: 126 She became much more receptive to his advances over the following weeks, and she agreed to marry him.[7]^: 120

It was decided that the wedding of Gardiner and Tyler would be carried out in secret. They were wed on June 26, 1844, at the Church of the Ascension in New York.[7]^: 120 The wedding was controversial when it was announced to the public. It was the first time that a president had married while holding the office, and critics felt that it was inappropriate for him to remarry while he was president, so shortly after the death of his first wife. Their age difference was also a subject of criticism: President Tyler was 54 years old, while Gardiner was 24.[3]^: 68 Some, such as Congressman and former President John Quincy Adams, mocked the president for marrying a young bride so soon after meeting her.[5]^: 126 Julia Tyler's new stepchildren were dismayed by the marriage, especially as some of them were older than she and it was so soon after their mother's death. Her stepdaughters in particular were distrustful, though she was ultimately accepted by all of them with the exception of Letitia Semple. After her marriage, Tyler determined that she would give up being a New Yorker and identify instead as a Virginian like her husband.[1]^: 65

As the wife of the president, Julia Tyler served as first lady of the United States for the final eight months of his presidency.[6]^: 148 After their marriage, they honeymooned in Washington, Old Point Comfort, and the president's privately owned Sherwood Forest Plantation.[7]^: 121 Tyler was enthralled by the crowds that followed them and the public interest in their secret wedding. After arriving at the White House, she sought to make the presidential home more extravagant; she had the building cleaned, the furniture replaced, and the staff uniforms updated.[1]^: 64 Access to the Gardiner family fortune allowed her to remake the White House more than would have otherwise been possible.[4]^: 83 She also purchased many elaborate dresses at personal expense, becoming a prominent influence in fashion.[3]^: 70 The extravagance was muted, however, by her period of mourning for her father.[1]^: 64

Tyler's sister Margaret would assist her in her duties while visiting Washington, serving as a social secretary.[5]^: 127 Tyler became a point of contact for those wishing to receive favors from the president, and the Gardiner family in particular regularly sought support from the first lady.[1]^: 65 Among her favorite requests were those for pardons and commutations by the president, and it was Tyler's interjection that spared a convict, "Babe" the pirate, from a death sentence in New York.[5]^: 130 Tyler was often the subject of human-interest stories, particularly those by Washington correspondent F. W. Thomas of the New York Herald.[8] Thomas' coverage of her was consistently positive, and he bestowed upon her the nickname "Lady Presidentress" with which she would be popularly identified.[5]^: 129

Tyler did not have strong political views of her own. Rather, she adopted and defended those of her husband. She would encourage her husband to pursue whatever policies he desired, and she would even flatter members of the Senate to win their support.[1]^: 65 Political considerations were always factored into social events, and Tyler used her influence to exert power in her own right.[5]^: 130 In particular, she lobbied for the annexation of Texas as she believed it would benefit her husband's legacy. Her open expression of political opinion diverged from previous first ladies, who generally expressed little interest in politics.[6]^{: 151–152} After the president signed off on the annexation of Texas in one of his final official acts, Tyler began wearing the pen he used around her neck.[4]^: 83 Her lobbying on the Texas issue is credited as a major factor in its success. Her support for the annexation of Texas became publicly known to the point where she was identified with the topic, and it was the subject of the first political cartoon to tie a first lady to a political issue.[5]^: 132

As first lady, Tyler wished to emulate the customs of European courts. She had her own court formed from her sister, her cousins, and her daughter-in-law, who served as her ladies-in-waiting, and she would invite ladies of prominent families to join her at events and receiving lines.[1]^: 64 She also kept an Italian Greyhound that accompanied her, which the president had ordered for her from Naples.[5]^: 127 Her sense of extravagance was also noted when she drove four horses and when she received guests on an armchair that was slightly elevated.[4]^: 80 To bring an element of grandiose to the presidency, she began the tradition of a presidential anthem, having "Hail to the Chief" played to announce the entry of the president.[1]^: 64

Tyler broke social norms by dancing in public, which was considered scandalous by the country's Puritan tradition. Her love for the polka helped popularize the dance in the United States.[5]^: 128 She also introduced the waltz to White House events despite the president's previous opposition to dancing.[3]^: 70 Several "Julia Waltzes" were written in her honor and saw wide success.[5]^: 128 Though Tyler was generally popular as first lady, her love of drinking and dancing earned her the ire of religious citizens amidst the Second Great Awakening.[5]^: 133 In the last month of her husband's administration, Tyler hosted a grand White House ball for 3,000 guests.[1]^: 65

Sherwood Forest Plantation in Charles City County, Virginia, where the Tylers lived after leaving the White House.

After leaving the White House, the Tylers retired to the Sherwood Forest Plantation.[1]^: 66 Although a Northerner by birth, Tyler adopted her new Southern identity wholeheartedly, saying that she was "ashamed" of New York.[1]^: 67 The Tylers had seven children together after leaving the White House: David Gardiner Tyler in 1846, John Alexander Tyler in 1848, Julia Gardiner Tyler in 1849, Lachlan Tyler in 1851, Lyon Gardiner Tyler in 1853, Robert Fitzwalter Tyler in 1856, and Pearl Tyler in 1860.[1]^: 69

Tyler was responsible for the care of not only her seven children, but several of her adult stepchildren, their two hired workers, and approximately 70 slaves who were made to work on the plantation. Tyler often hosted social gatherings and long-term guests at their home, and the family regularly traveled throughout the United States for vacation and for speaking engagements.[1]^: 66 She also carried out renovations on their home, their boat, and their carriage.[3]^: 71 Tyler eventually bought the Villa Margaret summer home in Hampton, Virginia to accommodate their growing family. The Tylers spent beyond their means, depleting the Gardiner fortune and plunging them into financial trouble for much of their marriage.[1]^: 66

When several women of the British aristocracy published an open letter challenging slavery in the Southern United States, Tyler wrote a response that defended slavery, publishing it in the Southern Literary Messenger in 1853.[7]^: 123 In this response, Tyler made several false claims to suggest that slaves lived comfortably in the United States.[1]^: 67 Such a public expression of political opinion was unusual for a woman in the Southern United States, but the nature of the slavery debate won acceptance for her essay among the South.[6]^: 155 In the North, she was regarded as a doughface, a disparaging term for a Northerner that supported the South.[3]^: 71 In response to Tyler's essay, Harriet Jacobs, a former slave and later abolitionist writer, authored her first published work, a letter to the New York Tribune in 1853.[9]

Though their allegiance was with the South, the Tylers did not want the Southern states to secede in the buildup to the Civil War. They went to Washington in early 1861 to alleviate the crisis, with Tyler involving herself in the city's social life to help improve Northern–Southern relations. By February, however, Tyler and her husband accepted secession and aligned themselves with the Confederate States of America. She volunteered to support the Confederate war effort during the civil war, and she cut ties with her family in New York when they remained loyal to the Union. She became further opposed to the Union after Union soldiers captured her summer home Villa Margaret.[1]^: 67

When a nightmare caused her to worry for her husband's health while he was away, Tyler joined him at the Confederate House of Representatives in Richmond, Virginia. He died of a stroke on January 18, 1862, at the age of 71, days after she arrived.[1]^: 67 Tyler hired a manager and two employees to tend to Sherwood Forest Plantation. Then with her two youngest children, she traveled to Bermuda where she lived with other Confederates who had settled there, and she returned to her family home in New York in November 1862[1]^: 68 She bitterly argued with her Unionist brother, who was eventually banished from the house after striking her.[5]^: 189 Tyler was upset to hear that Sherwood Forest Plantation had been captured while she was in New York, that her former slaves had been given the crops that they grew, and that the building was being used as a desegregated school.[1]^: 68

Tyler continued to support the Confederacy throughout the war, making donations to the Confederate Army and distributing pamphlets in support of the cause. The day after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, three men broke into her home demanding that she turn over her Confederate flag, searching for it after she denied having one.[4]^: 87 She suspected her brother of orchestrating the attack.[5]^: 199 The Tylers remained unpopular after the war for supporting the Confederacy, so the Tyler children were sent out of the country for schooling.[1]^: 68

Tyler's mother died in October 1864, writing a new will while she was on her deathbed. Tyler's brother challenged the will, arguing that Tyler had exerted "undue influence" over their mother. The dispute was resolved in 1868, when she was granted the Gardiner-Tyler House in Staten Island and three-eighths of the family's property in New York City.[7]^: 126 She moved into the Gardiner-Tyler House and lived there until 1874.[10] Tyler was also involved in a separate legal battle to regain her summerhouse Villa Margaret, which she eventually won back in 1869.[1]^: 68 After trying to sell it to President Ulysses S. Grant, she was forced to sell Villa Margaret at a loss.[5]^: 213

Tyler resumed her socialite status in Washington in the 1870s as the stigma of her Confederate sympathies subsided. She would sometimes tend to White House events, supporting first lady Julia Grant as hostess. In 1870, Tyler donated a portrait of herself to the White House, starting the first ladies portrait collection.[5]^: 213 In 1872, Tyler moved to Georgetown.[1]^: 68 Seeking meaning later in life, she and her daughter Pearl converted from the Tyler family's Episcopalianism to Roman Catholicism in 1872.[7]^: 127 The economic depression that followed the Panic of 1873 depleted her finances, forcing her to sell her other properties so she could purchase Sherwood Forest Plantation back from the Bank of Virginia that had come to control it.[7]^{: 127–128} She lobbied Congress for a pension and was granted a monthly allowance in 1880. Following the assassination of President James Garfield in 1881, Congress granted an annual pension of $5,000 to widows of former presidents.[11]

In 1882, Tyler moved to Richmond, Virginia.[1]^: 69 Toward the end of her life, she suffered from malaria.[3]^: 72 She made her final visit to Washington in 1887, when she met with first lady Frances Cleveland, to whom she would sometimes provide advice.[5]^: 261 Tyler suffered a stroke and died on July 10, 1889, while she was staying at the Exchange Hotel—the same hotel where her husband had died of a stroke 27 years before. She was buried next to him at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.[7]^: 128 Tyler had lived the longest post-White House life of any first lady, living another 44 years after leaving the White House. She held this record until it was overtaken by Frances Cleveland.[12]

Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president.[15] Consistently, Tyler has been ranked in the lower half of first ladies by historians in these surveys. In terms of cumulative assessment, Tyler has been ranked:

• 27th of 42 in 1982[16]
• 27th of 37 in 1993[16]
• 26th of 38 in 2003[16]
• 28th of 38 in 2008[16]
• 27th of 39 in 2014[17]

In the 2014 survey, Tyler and her husband were ranked the 34th out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".[18]