Khene

The khene (/ˈkɛn/; spelled "Can" in English; Lao: ແຄນ; Thai: แคน, RTGS: khaen, pronounced [kʰɛ̄ːn]; Khmer: គែន - Ken; Vietnamese: khèn) is a Lao mouth organ whose pipes, which are usually made of bamboo, are connected with a small, hollowed-out hardwood reservoir into which air is blown. The khene is the national instrument of Laos.[1][2] The khene music is an integral part of Lao life that promotes family and social cohesion[3] and it was inscribed in 2017 on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[4] Although it is associated with the Lao people of Laos and Isan (Northeast Thailand) nowadays, other similar instruments date back to the Bronze Age. In Cambodia, it is used among the ethnic Lao population of the province of Stung Treng and is used in lakhon ken, a Cambodian dance drama genre that features the khene as the main instrument[5][6] In Vietnam, this instrument is used among the Tai peoples and the Muong people.

"Khen" redirects here. For other uses, see Khen (disambiguation).
A khene player in Isan

The khene uses a free reed made of brass and/or silver. It is related to Western free-reed instruments such as the harmonium, concertina, accordion, harmonica, and bandoneon, which were developed beginning in the 18th century from the Chinese sheng, a related instrument, a specimen of which had been carried to St. Petersburg, Russia.

The khene has five different lai, or pentatonic modes with specific drone pitches, organized into two families (thang san and thang yao). The thang san family includes lai sutsanaen (G A C D E), lai po sai (C D F G A), and lai soi (D E G A B), while the thang yao family includes lai yai (A C D E G) and lai noi (D F G A C). Lai po sai is considered to be the oldest of the modes and lai sutsanaen the "Father of the Lai Khaen." Khene can be played as a solo instrument (dio khene), as part of an ensemble (such as wong pong lang and khene wong), or as an accompaniment to a Lao or Isan solo singer (mor lam). It is often played in combination with a traditional fretted plucked lute called phin.

Composers who have written notated music for the instrument include Annea Lockwood, Christopher Adler, David Loeb and Vera Ivanova.

Tuning

The khene has seven tones per octave, with intervals similar to that of the Western diatonic natural A-minor scale: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. A khene can be made in a particular key but cannot be tuned after the reed is set and the pipes are cut.

Varieties

The khene comes in several varieties:

  • Khaen hok (แคนหก, hok meaning "six") - small khaen with 12 pipes in two rows of 6; usually used by children or beginners, or sold to tourists
  • Khaen jet (แคนเจ็ด, jet meaning "seven") - medium-sized khaen with 14 pipes in two rows of 7
  • Khaen pet (แคนแปด, pet meaning "eight") - medium-sized khaen with 16 pipes in two rows of 8; the most commonly used variety
  • Khaen gao (แคนเก้า, gao meaning "nine") - khaen with 18 pipes in two rows of 9; usually very long
  • Khaen sip (แคนสิบ, sip meaning "ten") - an "improved" version of the khaen paet; little used

Outside Southeast Asia
Khene

In the United States, the top master khaen artist is a blind Laotian-born player, Bounseung Synanonh. Master Synanonh started playing the khaen at age twelve and later lost his eye sight at age 15. Master Synanonh immigrated to the U.S. as a refugee in the early 1980s.[7] In 1987, he performed for President Reagan at the White House.  He also recorded with the World Music Institute under the direction of Terry Miller, a world-renowned ethnomusicologist.  In 2007, he performed at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, D.C.[8] In Thailand, one of the top virtuoso khaen soloists is the blind musician Sombat Simla. The instrument has also attracted a few non-Asian performers, including University of San Diego professor Christopher Adler, who also composes for the instrument; English musician Clive Bell (UK); Vancouver-based composer/performer Randy Raine-Reusch (Canada), who played khaen on Aerosmith's Pump (1989), Cranberries' To the Faithful Departed (1996), and Yes's The Ladder (1999); and Jaron Lanier (United States). Since the early 21st century, the California-born khaen player Jonny Olsen has achieved familiarity in Laos and Thailand by appearing on numerous Thai and Lao TV Shows and performing live concerts in Thailand and the U.S. Olsen is the first foreigner to win a khaen championship in Khon Kaen, Thailand in 2005. Stephen Molyneux (United States) has played the khaen on his releases The Arbitrary State (2010), The Stars Are the Light Show (2012), Wings and Circles (2016), and in select live performances. Molyneux bought a khaen in Bangkok in 2010 after developing an interest in the instrument while traveling in Laos and Thailand.

See also

Notes
  1. "Exhibition: "Voices of the Wind: Traditional Instruments in Laos"". ASEF culture360. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  2. "Laos Music - Everything about Laotian Traditional Music". Laos Tours. 2017-05-18. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  3. Yap, Jasmina (2018-04-14). "Laos Celebrates Khaen Music as UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage". Laotian Times. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  4. "UNESCO - Khaen music of the Lao people". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  5. http://www.jiras.se/lakhaon2010/kraythong/info.html>; pictures of performance with the instrument can be seen at <http://www.jiras.se/lakhaon2010/kraythong/index.html>
  6. Referred to as 'Ken Theatre' or lakhaon ken in <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001352/135258eb.pdf>
  7. "Bounxeung Synanonh". www.arts.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  8. "The Khene: A Quintessential Lao Instrument". Alliance for California Traditional Arts. 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2021-07-01.

Bibliography
  • Miller, Terry E. Traditional Music of the Lao: Kaen Playing and Mawlum Singing in Northeast Thailand (1985). Contributions in Intercultural and Comparative Studies, no. 13. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  • Miller, Terry E. An Introduction to Playing the Kaen (1980). Kent, Ohio: Terry E. Miller.
  • Lilly, Joseph An Introduction to the Khaen of Laos:The Free-Reed Journal Articles and Essays Featuring Classical Free-Reed Instruments and Performers
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