Rajasthani people

Maharana Pratap, a ruler and great warrior of his time.

The first mention of the word Rajasthan comes from the works of George Thomas (Military Memories) and James Tod (Annals). Rajasthan literally means the Land of Kingdoms. However, western Rajasthan and eastern Gujarat were part of "Gurjaratra".[3] The local dialects of the time use the expression Rājwār, the place or land of kings, later Rajputana.[4][5]

Although the history of Rajasthan goes back as far as the Indus Valley civilization, the foundation of the Rajasthani community took shape with the rise of Western Middle Kingdoms such as Western Kshatrapas. Western Kshatrapas (35-405 CE) were rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). They were the successors to the Indo-Scythians who invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era (with Saka calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps kingdom.[6] Saka calendar (also been adopted as Indian national calendar) is used by the Rajasthani community and adjoining areas such as Punjab and Haryana. With time, their social structures received stronger reorganizations, thus giving birth to several martial sub ethnic groups (previously called as Martial race but the term is now obsolete ). Rajasthanis emerged as major merchants during medieval India. Rajasthan was among the important centres of trade with Rome, eastern Mediterranean and southeast Asia.[7]

Romani people

Some claim that Romani people originated in parts of the Rajasthan. Indian origin was suggested based on linguistic grounds as early as 200 years ago.[8] The roma ultimately derives from a form ḍōmba ("man living by singing and music"), attested in Classical Sanskrit.[9] Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romanies originated from the Indian subcontinent, emigrating from India towards the northwest no earlier than the 11th century. Contemporary populations sometimes suggested as sharing a close relationship to the Romani are the Dom people of Central Asia and the Banjara of India.[10]

Rajasthani people

Like other Indo-Aryan peoples, modern day Rajasthanis and their ancestors have inhabited Rajasthan since ancient times. The erstwhile state of Alwar, in north-eastern Rajasthan, is possibly the oldest kingdom in Rajasthan. Around 1500 BC, it formed a part of the Matsya territories of Viratnagar (present-day Bairat) encompassing Bharatpur, Dholpur, and Karauli.[11]

Rajasthani society is a blend of predominantly Hindus with sizable minorities of Muslims, Sikhs and Jains.

Noblemen from Jaipur 1875

Rajasthanis form an ethno-linguistic group that is distinct in its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature, and art. However, there are many different castes and communities, with diversified traditions of their own. Major sub ethnic groups are Rajputs, Brahmans, Bishnois, Jats, Gurjars, Yadavs, Meenas, Charans, Meghwals, Malis, Kolis, Agrawals, Barnwals, Kumhars, Kumawats etc.[29][30][31][32]

Jats are generally agricultural caste in Rajasthan and are listed under Other Backward Class of Rajasthan State. In East Rajasthan Bharatpur[33] and Dholpur[34] were ruled by Jat rulers. The Dholpur was ruled by Jat kings. Jats of these 2 districts were removed from Central OBC list after a ruling by Supreme Court of India in 2015.[35] Rajasthan State Government added them back in the state's Other Backward Caste list but didn't send the recommendation to Central Government, since they were removed by Supreme Court.[36]

Rajasthan is mainly a Rajput and Jat dominated state. The Rajputs and Jats have ruled this entire region single-handedly. That's why this entire region was called Rajputana.

• Rajputs (राजपूत) are well-known warrior people of Rajasthan. Rajputs are descendants of ancient ruling dynasties and is also a aristocratic class . Rajput status vary from princely stage to common cultivator . They hold distinctive identity as opposed to Rajputs of other regions of the country. This identity is usually described as "proud Rajput of Rājputāna".[37] They traced their lineage from a mythical fire atop Mt. Abu–a mountain in Rajasthan (Agni Kula or the Fire Family), Rajput clans like chamaan of shakmbhari chalukya/ solanki of gujarat and parmars are protectors of India from islamic Arab and turk invaders . Rajputs ruler bappa rawal of guhilot dynasty, Chaulukya Rajput king make an alliance to protect India from Arabs and turk invaders the sun (Suryavanshi or the Sun Family), and the moon (Chandravanshi or the Moon Family). The Surya Vanshis or Sun Family includes Sisodias of Mewar (Chittaur and Udaipur), Rathores of Jodhpur and Bikaner, and Kachwahas of Amer and Jaipur while The Chandra Vanshi or the Moon family includes Bhati of Jaisalmer whereas The Agni Vanshi or Fire family includes Chauhans of Jalore, Sirohi, Ajmer, Bundi and Kota and Solankis of Baran and Desuri.

Rajput is a Forward or General caste in India except in the state of Karnataka where Rajputs being a politically influential caste, they are categorised in Central Other Backward Class/OBC list by National Commission for Backward Classes[38] [39] as well as Karnataka state Government OBC list.[40]

• Sunar (alternately, Sonar or Swarnkar,Soni) is a community of people who work as goldsmiths.[41] The community is primarily Hindu, and found all over Rajasthan.

Goldsmith or Sunar/Soni/Sonar/Swarankar caste is in Central [42] [43] [44] as well as the State [45] OBC list in Rajasthan.

• Brahmans (ब्राह्मण) are mostly Gaurs, Gurjar Gaurs, Paliwals, Dadheechs, Nagars, Vyasas, Rajpurohits, Pareeks, Saraswats, Sanadhyas, Khandelwals, Shrimalis, Gargas, Abotis, Pushkarna Brahmins, Jangids, Bhutia Brahmins.
• Bishnoi (also Vishnoi, बिश्नोई, विश्नोई) is a Vaishnava community and live in well organised social structure. Most of them are large agricultural landowners but nowadays, many of them are opting for service sector. Also, Bishnois from south-western Rajasthan are business oriented people. Bishnois predominantly live the districts of Anupgarh, Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Balotra, Sanchore, Jodhpur, Jodhpur rural, Phalodi, Pali but can also be found throughout Rajasthan in smaller numbers.

Bishnoi is categorised as a Forward or General caste in all the states of India except in Rajasthan, where being a politically influential community is in Rajasthan state OBC [46] list.

• Baniya ('बनिया) are the trading communities which includes Aggarwals, Barnwals, Khandelwals and Maheshwaris. Agarwals trace their origin to Agroha, a historic town near Hisar in Haryana and Barnwal (also spelled Baranwal, Burnwal, Varnwal, Warnwal or Barnawal) is an Indian toponymic Marwari surname from Baran in Rajasthan, India , while Khandelwal and Maheshwari communities are said to be originated from Khandela, near Jaipur. Baniya community is known for their excellent trading techniques and business acumen. They are among the influential and prosperous communities of Rajasthan. Baniyas are also known for their society serving. A number of Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, Dharmshalas, etc are built by the Baniya Community which provide their facilities at very minimum rates to serve the society. Baniya people are strict vegetarians and many even avoid eating onion and garlic. Drinking alcohol is also strictly prohibited in Baniya Society.
• Khatik (खटीक/खटक) word is derived from the Sanskrit language word Khat. Khatik means "butcher". In ancient times the main profession of Khatik Caste was to slaughter and prepare sheep and goats. Found throughout India, the Khatik community began as hunters and butchers, though some claim warrior caste origin. Because they once handled carcasses.
  They found in good numbers in Rajsthan.
• Gurjars (गूजर/गुज्जर) are well known people from Rajasthan. Historically, the Gujar caste is an animal rearing caste, this caste is included in the Backward Classes group in most of the states of India. They are also found in some states like Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in good number. They were added in criminal tribe by britishers for revolting against them in various parts which is one of the main reason they were left behind in education and this tribe is generally known for its bravery.
• Sain Nai mostly lives in Alwar, Dausa, Bharatpur, Jaipur & some other district of Rajasthan. They worship their kuldevi sati Narayani Mata (Temple in Alwar).[47]
• Seervi are mainly in agriculture business in Jodhpur and Pali District of Rajasthan. Major population of Seervi's are followers of Aai Mata which has main temple at Bilara. These days Seervi have migrated from Rajasthan to Southern part of India and became good business community.
• Kumawats are also found all over Rajasthan with majority in Jaipur, Pali, Bikaner, Jodhpur etc. . Kumawat are also called as Kheti Ghar Kumar as their main profession is related to agriculture and now even they are into business all over the country like Indore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai etc.

There are few other tribal communities in Rajasthan, such as Meena and Bhils. Meena ruled on Dhundhar near 10th century. The Ghoomar dance is one well-known aspect of Bhil tribe. Meena and Bhils were employed as soldiers by Rajputs for their bravery and martial capabilities. Meenas, in ancient times, were ruler of Matsya, i.e., Rajasthan or Matsya Union. However, during colonial rule, the British government declared 250 groups[48] which included Meenas, Gujars, etc.[49][50] as "criminal tribes". Any group or community that took arms and opposed British rule were branded as criminal by the British government in 1871.[51] This Act was repealed in 1952 by Government of India.[48] Sahariyas, the jungle dwellers, who are believed to be of Bhil origin, inhabit the areas of Kota, Dungarpur and Sawai Madhopur in the southeast of Rajasthan. Their main occupations include working as shifting cultivators, hunters and fishermen.[52][53] Garasias is a small Rajput tribe inhabiting Abu Road area of southern Rajasthan.[52][53]

There are a few other colourful folks, groups like those of Gadia Luhar, Banjara, Nat, Kalbelia, and Saansi, who criss-cross the countryside with their animals. The Gadia Luhars are said to be once associated with Maharana Pratap.[54]

Scholars agree on the fact that during 10th-12th century, a common language was spoken in Western Rajasthan and Northern Gujarat. This language was known as Old Gujarati (1100 AD — 1500 AD) (also called Old Western Rajasthani, Gujjar Bhakha, Maru-Gurjar). The language derived its name from Gurjara and its people, who were residing and ruling in Punjab, Rajputana, central India, and various parts of Gujarat at that time.[55] It is said that Marwari and Gujarati has evolved from this Gurjar Bhakha later.[56] The language was used as a literary language as early as the 12th century. Poet Bhoja has referred to Gaurjar Apabhramsha in 1014 AD.[55] Formal grammar of Rajasthani was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja. Rajasthani was recognized by the State Assembly as an official Indian language in 2004. Recognition is still pending from the government of India.[57]

First mention of Rajasthani literature comes from the 778 CE novel Kuvalayamala, composed in the town of Jalor in south-eastern Marwar by Jain acharya Udyotana Suri. Udyotan Suri referred it as Maru Bhasha or Maru Vani. Modern Rajasthani literature began with the works of Suryamal Misrana.[58] His most important works are the Vamsa Bhaskara and the Vira satsaī. The Vira satsaī is a collection of couplets dealing with historical heroes. Two other important poets in this traditional style are Bakhtavara Ji and Kaviraja Murari Dan. Apart from academic literature, there exists folk literature as well. Folk literature consists of ballads, songs, proverbs, folk tales, and panegyrics. The heroic and ethical poetry were the two major components of Rajasthani literature throughout its history. The development of Rajasthani literature, as well as virkavya (heroic poetry), from the Dingal language took form during the early formation of medieval social and political establishments in Rajasthan. Maharaja Chatur Singh (1879–1929) was a devotional poet from Mewar. His contributions were poetry style that was essentially a bardic tradition in nature. Another important poet was Hinglaj Dan Kaviya (1861–1948). His contributions are largely of the heroic poetry style.[59]

Developmental progression and growth of Rajasthani literature cand be divided into 3 stages[60]

Agriculture is the main occupation of Rajasthani people in Rajasthan. Major crops of Rajasthan are jowar, bajri, maize, ragi, rice, wheat, barley, gram, tur, pulses, ground nut, sesamum, etc. Agriculture was the most important element in the economic life of the people of medieval Rajasthan.[69] In early medieval times, the land that could be irrigated by one well was called Kashavah, which is a land that could be irrigated by one Knsha or leather bucket.[70] Historically, there were a whole range of communities in Rajasthan at different stages of economy, from hunting to settled agriculture. The Van Baoria, Tirgar, Kanjar, vagri, etc. were traditionally hunters and gatherers. Now, only the Van Baoria are hunters, while others have shifted to agriculture related occupations.[71] There are a number of artisans, such as Lohar and Sikligar. Lohar are blacksmiths while Sikligar do specific work of making and polishing of arms used in war. Now, they create tools used for agriculture.

The Marwari group of Rajasthanis have a substantial diaspora throughout India, where they have been established as traders.[75] Marwari migration to the rest of India is essentially a movement in search of opportunities for trade and commerce. In most cases, Rajasthanis migrate to other places as traders.[76]

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  Carved elephants on the walls of Jagdish Temple that was built by Maharana Jagat Singh Ist in 1651 A.D.
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  The region surrounding Aravalli hills near Ranthambore, Rajasthan, India.
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  Detailed stone work, Karni Mata Temple, Bikaner Rajasthan.
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  Marble stone work, Jaisalmer Jain Temple, Rajasthan.
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  Seated Ganesha, sandstone sculpture from Rajasthan, India, 9th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.
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  Yellow sandstone sculpture of a standing deity, 11th century CE, Rajasthan.
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  Armor coat, 18th century, Rajasthan.
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  Marble sculpture of a female, ca 1450, Rajasthan.
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  Bani Thani painting, Rajasthan.
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  Camel ride in sand dunes, Thar desert, Jaisalmer.

• List of people from Rajasthan
• Art of Rajasthan
• Culture of Rajasthan
• Romani
• Marwadi
• Mandore
• Mewar
• Baniya
• Meenas
• Suthar
• Kathputli (Puppet)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajasthani people.

• People of Rajasthan Government of Rajasthan
• Some Myths that every Rajasthani has to deal in rest of the part of India People from Rajasthan migrate to different parts of India for the purpose of business, work, Education etc. and during their stay outside they experience various myths about their native place that are prevalent in the rest of India. Those myths are clarified here with reasons.
• "Jaisalmer Ayo! Gateway of the Gypsies" sheds light on the lifestyle, culture and politics of nomadic life in Rajasthan as it followsa group of snake charmers, storytellers, musicians, dancers and blacksmiths as they make their way across the Thar Desert to Jaisalmer.