Karana-kutuhala

Karana-kutuhala (IAST: Karaṇakutūhala) is a 1183 CE Sanskrit-language book on jyotisha (astrology and astronomy) by Bhaskara II, a mathematician-astronomer from present-day India.

Karana-kutuhala
AuthorBhaskara II
Original titleकरणकुतूहल
Countryancient India
LanguageSanskrit
Subjectjyotisha (astrology and astronomy)
Genrekarana (concise exposition of astronomy)
Published1183 CE
Preceded by'Siddhanta Shiromani 

Date and authorship

Bhaskara wrote Karana-kutuhala (literally, "Calculation of Astronomical Wonders") in 1183 CE.[1]

Alternative titles for Karana-kutuhala include Karaṇakutūhalam, Khetakarma, Graha-gama-kutuhala, Brahma-tulya, and Vidagdha-buddhi-vallabha.[2] As the name suggests, the book is a karana text, that is, a concise exposition of astronomy. Bhaskara's Karana-kutuhala was followed by Indian astronomers for several centuries, during which no other karana text was produced, until Ganesha composed Graha-laghava or Siddhanta-rahasya in the early 16th century.[3]

The text was popular in west and north-west India,[3] and survives in form of over 150 manuscripts.[2]

Contents

Karana-kutuhala condenses and approximates many computational formulae from Bhaskara's earlier work, the Siddhanta Shiromani, in accordance with the Brahma-paksha sunrise-epoch astronomical school. It uses the epoch of sunrise on 23-24 February 1183 of the Julian calendar (1 Chaitra Shaka 1105).[4]

The text contains following chapters:[2]

  • Nabhoga-madhya-sadhana
  • Sphuta-kriya
  • Tri-prashna
  • Sashanka-parva-sadhana
  • Ravi-graha-sadhana
  • Grahodayashta-sadhana
  • Shrngonnatipra-sadhana
  • Grahottha-yoga-sadhana
  • Pata-sadhana
  • Ravindu-parva-sambhava
  • Niradarka-vichara

Commentaries and derivative texts

Several later writers composed commentaries on the Karana-kutuhala. These include:[3]

  • Brahma-tulya-bhashya (c. 1370) by Ekanatha, at Mahandanagara, probably in west India
  • Narmadi (c. 1400) by Padmanabha, probably in west India
  • Karana-kutuhala-tika (before 1462) by Sodhala
  • Brahma-tulyodaharana (1612) by Vishvanatha, at Varanasi
  • Ganaka-kumuda-kaumudi (1621) by Sumati-harsha Gani, near Vindhyadri
  • Karana-kutuhala-tika (before 1658) by Chandi-dasa

Brahmatulya-sarani (literally "Tables of/for the Brahmatulya"), an anonymous Sanskrit text from the 16th or the 17th century, contains astronomical tables and versified instructions based primarily on the Karana-kutuhala.[4]

A critical edition of the text by Madhava Shastri Purohita, with Sumati-harsha's commentary, was published in 1901.[2]

References
  1. Ronald Calinger, ed. (1999). Classics of Mathematics. Prentice Hall. p. 222. ISBN 9780023183423.
  2. David Pingree, ed. (1981). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A. Vol. 4. American Philosophical Society. pp. 322–326.
  3. David Pingree (1981). Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature. A History of Indian Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 35–36. ISBN 3-447-02165-9.
  4. Anuj Misra; Clemency Montelle; Kim Plofker, eds. (2020). The Sanskrit Astronomical Table Text Brahmatulyasāraṇī: Numerical Tables in Textual Scholarship. Brill. p. 9. ISBN 9789004432222.
  • Karaṇa-kutūhala (1991), Sanskrit text with two Sanskrit commentaries (Sumatiharsa's Ganaka-kumuda-kaumudi and Sudhakar Dwivedi's Vasanavi-bhushana) and a Hindi translation by Satyendra Mishra
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