Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)

Prince Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (Lithuanian: Karolis Stanislovas Radvila II, Exonym: Charles Stanislaus: 27 February 1734 – 21 November 1790) was a Polish nobleman, diplomat and prince of the Commonwealth. He is frequently referred to by his well-known sobriquet Panie Kochanku ("My Beloved Sir")[nb 1] to distinguish him from his earlier namesake. Prince Radziwiłł held several important posts; from 1752 he was the Master Swordbearer of the Lithuania,[1][2] and in 1757 he became one of the first recipients of the Order of the White Eagle. From 1762 he was Voivode of Vilnius.

His Grace Prince Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł "Panie Kochanku"
Sejm Marshal Sejm Marshal of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
In office 5 October 1767 – 5 March 1768
Monarch	Stanisław II Augustus
Preceded by	Celestyn Czaplic
Succeeded by	Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł
Personal details
Born	(1734-02-27)27 February 1734 Nieśwież, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Died	21 November 1790(1790-11-21) (aged 56) Biała Podlaska, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Nationality	Polish
Spouse(s)	Maria Karolina Lubomirska (pl) Teresa Karolina Rzewuska
Parents	Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł (father) Urszula Franciszka Wiśniowiecka (mother)
Residence(s)	Nieśwież Castle Radziwiłł Palace
Known for	Bar Confederation Radom Confederation

Radziwiłł was born on 27 February 1734 to General-Hetman Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł and Princess Urszula Franciszka Wiśniowiecka and spent his childhood in Nieśwież, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was then part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[1][3]

In 1767 he became Marshal General of the Radom Confederation and, the following year, Marshal of the Bar Confederation. After its fall in 1772 he emigrated, but in 1777 returned to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and resumed all his previous posts after having first pledged his loyalty to Polish King Stanisław II Augustus, whom he had previously opposed. During the Great Sejm from 1788 until his death in 1790 he was a leading opponent of reform, King Stanisław Augustus and his allies; the members of the so-called Familia political party headed by the Czartoryski family.

Radziwiłł was the wealthiest magnate in Poland-Lithuania, in the second half of the 18th century. However, he was popular among the poorer nobility.[4] Suffering from obesity and the after-effects of alcoholism, in the spring of 1790 Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł moved to the town of Biała Podlaska in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, where he died on November 21 leaving no issue to inherit his enormous wealth.[5]

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz stated that Radziwiłł was a "citizen with a heart of stone whose sacrifices for the Polish nation were remarkable and unforgettable".[6] Radziwiłł was also immortalized in Rejtan, the Fall of Poland, an oil painting by the Polish artist Jan Matejko, finished in 1866, depicting the protest of Tadeusz Rejtan against the First Partition of Poland during the Partition Sejm of 1773. Both a depiction of a historical moment, and an allegory for the surrounding period of Polish history, the painting is one of Matejko's most famous works, and an iconic picture of an emotional protest.[7]

Pantler Horeszko, from the epic poem Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, was loosely based on Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł.[8]

The prince owned a house on the Rue Neuve des Bons Enfants in Paris. The street is now called Rue Radziwill.[9]