Karrani dynasty

Karrāṇī / Karlāṇī
کرلاڼي
কররাণী
Karrāṇī / Karlāṇī; کرلاڼي; কররাণী;
Royal house
Parent family	Bangash tribe
Current region	Bengal Sultanate
Earlier spellings	Kerrani
Place of origin	Kurram Valley
Founded	1564
Founder	Taj Khan Karrani
Final ruler	Daud Khan Karrani
Members	Sulaiman Khan Karrani, Bayazid Khan Karrani, Bayazid of Sylhet
Estate(s)	Tanda
Dissolution	1612
Deposition	1576

The Karrani dynasty (Pashto: کرلاڼي, romanized: Karlāṇī, Bengali: কররাণী, romanized: Korrāṇī) was founded in 1564 by Taj Khan Karrani, an ethnic Afghan from the Karlani tribe, hailing from Bangash district.[1] It was the last dynasty to rule the Sultanate of Bengal.

History

Founding

Taj Khan was formerly an employee of the Sur Emperor Sher Shah Suri. From 1562 to 1564, Taj Khan captured south-eastern Bihar and west Bengal, and with his assassination of the last Muhammed Shahi ruler, he seized all of Bengal. The capital was at Gaur. Taj Khan was followed by Sulaiman Khan Karrani, who shifted the seat of government from Gaur to Tanda (also in Malda) in 1565. In 1568, Sulaiman Khan annexed Orissa to the Karrani sultanate permanently. Nominally he accepted sovereignty of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, and his prime minister Lodi Khan placated the Mughals with gifts and banqueting.[2] Sulaiman Khan's authority extended from Koch Bihar to Puri, and from Son River to Brahmaputra River.[3]

Mughal invasion

On 25 September 1574, the Mughal general Munim Khan captured the Karrani capital Tanda. The Battle of Tukaroi fought on 3 March 1575 forced Daud Khan Karrani, the last Karrani ruler, to withdraw to Orissa. The battle led to the Treaty of Katak in which Daud ceded the whole of Bengal and Bihar, retaining only Orissa. The treaty eventually failed after the death of Munim Khan who died at the age of 50 in October 1575. Daud Khan took the opportunity and invaded Bengal, declaring independence from Akbar. The Mughal onslaught against the Karrani sultanate ended with the Battle of Rajmahal on 12 July 1576, led by the Mughal general Khan Jahan I. Daud Khan was executed. However, the Pashtuns and the local landlords known as Baro Bhuyans led by Isa Khan continued to resist the Mughal invasion. Later in 1612 during the reign of Jahangir, Bengal was decisively consolidated as a Mughal province.[4]

List of rulers

Name	Reign
Sultan Taj Khan Karrani سلطان تاج خان کرلاڼی Bengali: সুলতান তাজ খাঁন কররাণী	1564–1565
Sultan Sulayman Khan Karrani سلطان سلیمان خان کرلاڼی Bengali: সুলতান সুলেমান খাঁন কররাণী	1565–1572
Sultan Bayazid Khan Karrani سلطان بایزید خان کرلاڼی Bengali: সুলতান বায়েজ়ীদ খাঁন কররাণী	1572
Sultan Dawud Khan Karrani سلطان داود خان کرلاڼی Bengali: সুলতান দাঊদ খাঁন কররাণী	1572–1576

References

Roy, Atul Chandra (1968). History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526–1765 A.D. Nababharat Publishers. p. 12.
Eaton, Richard (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
Sengupta, Nitish (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0. Daud, Sulayman's son took over he started striking his own coins and had his own name read in the khutba, acts tantamount to official declaration of independence ... Daud Khan Karrani was defeated and killed in Rajmahal in 1576 ... However, the zamindars of East Bengal, known as the Baro Bhuiyans, were able to operate as local chieftains ... continuing to defy the Mughals. It was only in 1612, during the reign of Jahangir, that all of Bengal was firmly integrated as a Mughal province.

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[1] Roy, Atul Chandra (1968). History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526–1765 A.D. Nababharat Publishers. p. 12.

[2] Eaton, Richard (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2012.

[3] Sengupta, Nitish (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4. Retrieved 8 October 2012.

[4] Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0. Daud, Sulayman's son took over he started striking his own coins and had his own name read in the khutba, acts tantamount to official declaration of independence ... Daud Khan Karrani was defeated and killed in Rajmahal in 1576 ... However, the zamindars of East Bengal, known as the Baro Bhuiyans, were able to operate as local chieftains ... continuing to defy the Mughals. It was only in 1612, during the reign of Jahangir, that all of Bengal was firmly integrated as a Mughal province.