Kassandra, Chalkidiki

Kassandra (Greek: Κασσάνδρα) or Kassandra Peninsula (Greek: Χερσόνησος Κασσάνδρας) is a peninsula and a municipality in Chalkidiki, Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kassandreia.[2]

Kassandra
Κασσάνδρα
Kassandra municipality
Kassandra municipality
Kassandra is located in Greece
Kassandra
Kassandra
Location within the region
Coordinates: 40°01′22.54″N 23°26′0.28″E
CountryGreece
Administrative regionCentral Macedonia
Regional unitChalkidiki
Area
 • Municipality334.3 km2 (129.1 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit206.1 km2 (79.6 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Municipality
19,231
 • Municipality density58/km2 (150/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
10,760
 • Municipal unit density52/km2 (140/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
631 00
Area code(s)23710
Vehicle registrationΧΚ

Municipality

The municipality Kassandra was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units (communities in brackets):[2]

The municipality has an area of 334.280 km2, the municipal unit 206.097 km2.[3]

History
For other Pallenes, see Pallene.
Headland of Pallene in ancient Chalcidice

Pallene (Greek: Παλλήνη) is the ancient name of the westernmost of the three headlands of Chalcidice, which run out into the Aegean Sea.[4] It is said to have anciently borne the name of Phlegra (Φλέγρα)[5] and to have witnessed the conflict between the gods and the earthborn Gigantes.[6] The modern name of the peninsula is Kassandra, which, besides affording excellent winter pasture for cattle and sheep, also produces an abundance of grain of superior quality, as well as wool, honey, and wax, besides raising silkworms.[7] In antiquity, Pallene was the site of numerous towns: Sane, Mende, Scione, Therambos, Aege, Neapolis, Aphytis, which were either wholly or partly colonies from Eretria.

Strabo[8] mentions the following five cities of Pallene in the 1st century BC (Cassandreia, Aphytis, Mende, Scione and Sane).

After the founding of the Roman colony of Cassandreia (43 BC), the entire peninsula of Pallene was included in the colony territory.[9]

In Late Antiquity, the center of the peninsula was the city of Cassandreia, located at the site of ancient Potidaia. A polis and a bishopric, Cassandreia was destroyed by the Huns in 539 or 540 AD.[10] After this, Emperor Justinian I built a wall at the entrance of the peninsula, but it is not until the 10th century that a sizeable settlement—described as a township (polichnion) and later as a fortress (kastron)—re-appears in the peninsula and that the bishopric is mentioned again, as a suffragan of Thessalonica.[10] The area prospered due to its fertility, and both Thessalonians as well as the monks of the growing monastic community at nearby Mount Athos had estates there.[10]

In the winter of 1307/08, the peninsula and the city were seized and held by the Catalan Company during their move from Thrace to southern Greece.[10] The 14th-century historian Nikephoros Gregoras describes Kassandreia as "abandoned" during his time, and sometime before 1407, Emperor John VII Palaiologos rebuilt the old fortifications of Justinian. As a de facto annex of Thessalonica, the peninsula shared the city's fate and came under a brief Venetian control in 1423, before being captured by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1430.[10]

Kassandra (Turkish: Kesendire) was one of the places that rebelled against the Ottomans in 1821. Because it managed to stop the Turkish army from fighting the rebels in southern Greece, the entire peninsula was burnt by the Turks. The refugees moved with fishing boats to the islands of Skiathos, Skopelos, Alonnisos and Euboeia. Nobody lived in the peninsula for more than 30 years. Then the population started to gather again. In 1912 it became a part of Greece. Many Greek refugees from Anatolia settled in the peninsula after the 1923 population exchange following the Greco-Turkish War.

The peninsula was lined with paved roads in the mid-20th century. Tourism also arrived after the war period of World War II and the Greek Civil War. More paved roads were added in the 1970s and the 1980s and tourism developed rapidly. Agriculture shifted to tourism and other businesses as the primary industry of the peninsula in the 1980s. The eastern coastal strip from Kallithea down to Pefkochori became especially built up with resorts.

On August 22, 2006, the peninsula was struck by a major forest fire that affected the central and the southern parts of the peninsula, on the day of the heatwave when temperatures soared to nearly 40 °C. Several houses were destroyed including villas, hotels and a campground, while the natural beauty was erased. It burnt large areas of forests including some farmlands. The cause of this tremendous fire was dry lightning which occurred throughout the evening. The forest fire lasted nearly five days and devastated the economy and the peninsula. Villages that were affected were Chanioti, Nea Skioni, Polychrono, Pefkochori and Kriopigi. The forests mostly recovered again after 10 years.

Twin cities

Cassandreia is twinned with the following cities:

References
  1. "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  3. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  4.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Pallene". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  5. Herodotus. Histories, vii. 123.
  6. Pind. Nem. i. 100, Isthm. vi. 48; Apollod. i. 6. § 1; Lycophron 1408; Strabo vii. p. 330; Steph. B. s. v.
  7. William Martin Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 163.
  8. ( VII.27 Fragments )
  9. Archived 2017-04-24 at the Wayback Machine D. C. Samsaris, The Roman Colony of Cassandreia in Macedonia (Colonia Iulia Augusta Cassandrensis) (in Greek), Dodona 16(1), 1987, p. 353-362
  10. Gregory, Timothy E.; Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Kassandreia". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1109. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.

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Sources
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