Kh-25

The Kh-25/Kh-25M (Russian: Х-25; NATO: AS-10 'Karen') is a family of Soviet lightweight air-to-ground missiles with a modular range of guidance systems and a range of 10 km.[1] The anti-radar variant (Kh-25MP) is known to NATO as the AS-12 'Kegler' and has a range up to 40 km.[2] Designed by Zvezda-Strela, the Kh-25 is derived from the laser-guided version of the Kh-23 Grom (AS-7 'Kerry'). The Kh-25 remains in widespread use despite the apparent development of a successor, the Kh-38.

Kh-25ML/MLT/MR
(NATO reporting name: AS-10 'Karen')
Kh-25MP (AS-12 'Kegler')
Kh-25ML
Typetactical air-to-surface missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1975–present
Production history
Designed1971–75
ManufacturerZvezda-Strela
Produced1975–present
Specifications
MassKh-25ML :299 kg (659 lb)[1]
Kh-25MP :315 kg (694 lb)[2]
LengthKh-25ML :370.5 cm (12 ft 2 in)[1]
Kh-25MP 1VP :425.5 cm (167.5 in)[2]
Kh-25MP 2VP :435.5 cm (171.5 in)[2]
Diameter27.5 cm (10.8 in)[1]
Wingspan75.5 cm (29.7 in)[1]
WarheadHigh explosive, shell-forming
Warhead weightKh-25MP :89.6 kg (198 lb),[2] Kh-25MR :140 kg (309 lb)[3]
Operational
range
Kh-25ML :11 km (5.9 nmi)[3]
Kh-25MP :up to 60 km (32 nmi)[3]
Kh-25MTP : 20 km (11 nmi)[3]
Maximum speed Kh-25ML :1,370–2,410 km/h (850–1,500 mph)[1]
Kh-25MP :1,080–1,620 km/h (670–1,000 mph)[2]
Guidance
system
Laser guidance, passive radar, TV guidance, IIR, Satellite guidance, active radar homing depending on variant
Launch
platform
MiG-21,[4] MiG-23/27,[4] MiG-29,[4] Ka-52, Su-17/20/22,[4] Su-24,[4] Su-25,[4] Su-27,[4] Yakovlev Yak-130
Kh-25MP : MiG-23/27,[5] Su-17/22,[5] Su-24,[5] Su-25[5]
Kh-25 being mounted on a Russian Su-24 at Khmeimim air base for use against Syrian insurgent targets

Development

Based on an air-to-air missile, the beam-riding Kh-66 had been the Soviet Union's first air-to-ground missile for tactical aircraft, entering service in 1968.[6] However it proved difficult to use in practice as the launch aircraft had to dive towards the target. A version with radio-command guidance, the Kh-23, was first tested in 1968 but problems with the guidance system meant that it would not enter service for another five years.[7] So in 1971 work began on a version with a semi-active laser seeker, which became the Kh-25.[6] This was initially known in the West as the Kh-23L.[8] State testing began on 24 November 1974, and the Kh-25 entered production in 1975.[6]

Work began on an anti-radar missile derived from the Kh-66[5] in 1972, using a passive radar seeker and SUR-73 autopilot.[6] The long-range Kh-31 anti-radar missile came out of the same project.[6] The Kh-27 began state testing on a MiG-27 on 8 August 1975[6] but did not enter service until 2 September 1980.[6] It was assigned the NATO reporting name AS-12 'Kegler' and in effect it replaced the much heavier Kh-28 (AS-9 'Kyle').[5]

In 1973 Victor Bugaiskii was appointed head engineer of the bureau and he started work on combining the Kh-23M, Kh-25 and Kh-27 into a single modular system to reduce costs and improve tactical flexibility.[6] The Kh-27 missile was chosen as a basis, due to its more powerful rocket engine and new autopilot.[9] This was completed by the end of 1978,[6] resulting in the Kh-25MP (anti-radar), Kh-25ML (laser-guided) and Kh-25MR (radio-guided) family. NATO continued to refer to these as the AS-12 and AS-10 respectively, even though they could now be switched by a simple change of seeker head.

Design

The Kh-25 is very similar to the later version of the Kh-23 Grom, with cruciform canards and fins.

The Kh-25MP has two versions of its homing head, 1VP and 2VP, sensitive to different frequencies.[2]

Combat history

The original Kh-25 entered service with the Soviet Air Force between 1973-5, equipping the MiG-23, MiG-27 and Su-17M.[4] Since then it has been cleared for use on the MiG-21, MiG-29, Sukhoi Su-17/20/22 family, Sukhoi Su-24, Su-25 and Su-27.[4] It can also be carried by attack helicopters such as the Kamov Ka-50.

The Kh-25MP can be fitted to the MiG-23/27, Su-17/22, Su-24 and Su-25.[5]

Soviet war in Afghanistan

Starting in April 1986, during the second Battle of Zhawar, Kh-25MLs were used by Soviet Su-25 Frogfoots from the 378th OShAP (Independent Shturmovik Aviation Regiment) to attack Mujahideen cave entrances used as shelters and weapons storage facilities. Attacks were carried out from up to 4.5 nm (8 km).[10]

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

During the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, on August 2, 1990 an Iraqi Air Force Sukhoi Su-22 from the No.109 Squadron (based at as-Shoibiyah AB) fired a single Kh-25MP anti-radar variant against a Kuwaiti MIM-23B I-HAWK SAM site at Bubiyan Island that had earlier downed another Su-22 from the same unit and a MiG-23BN from the 49th Squadron. This forced a radar shutdown on the HAWK. The HAWK battery (which was operated by some American contractors) was later captured by Iraqi special forces and found out to be in automatic mode of operation, after the contractors fled.[11]

Chechen Wars

Russian Air Force Su-25s employed the Kh-25 in its two Chechen campaigns for attacks on fixed positions, such as mortars and bunkers. However, their usage wasn't extensive in relation to those of unguided bombs and rockets. The use of precision-guided munitions allowed air support in areas too dangerous for attack helicopters. Their use was not widespread in the First War as was in the Second, mainly due to differences in weather conditions and, probably, the need to keep a strategic reserve of stockpiles shortly after the fall of the USSR.[12]

Russia intervention in Syria

Laser-guided Kh-25s were employed by Su-24 swing wing strike aircraft against anti-Assad rebels in Syria.

Variants

NATO refers to all of the Kh-25 family as AS-10 'Karen' apart from the anti-radar variants. An "M" designation stands for "Modulnaya" – modular (seeker head).

  • Kh-25 (Izdeliye 71, Kh-23L) – original laser-guided variant
  • Kh-25ML – semi-active laser guidance with tandem warhead that can penetrate 1 metre (39 in) of concrete[13]
  • Kh-25MA – active radar guidance, first offered for export in 1999[4]
  • Kh-25MAE – Kh-25MA update announced for export in August 2005 with Ka-band seeker, probably Phazotron's PSM which can detect a tank at 4,000 m (4,370 yd) and which can also be used on the Kh-25MA[13]
  • Kh-25MS – satellite navigation (GPS or GLONASS)[4]
  • Kh-25MSE – export version of Kh-25MS, announced August 2005[13]
  • Kh-25MT – TV guidance[4]
  • Kh-25MTP – infra-red guidance variant of Kh-25MT[3][4]
  • Kh-25R/Kh-25MR – Radio-command guidance variant,[4] it has a bigger 140 kg (309 lb) warhead.[3]
  • Kh-27 (Kh-27/M, AS-12 'Kegler') – original anti-radiation missile
  • Kh-25MP (AS-12 'Kegler') – modular anti-radiation variant[5]
  • Kh-25MPU (AS-12 'Kegler') – Updated Kh-25MP[5]

Training rounds have "U" designations, so, e.g., for the Kh-25ML there is:

  • Kh-25MUL – combat training Kh-25ML[1]
  • Kh-25ML-UD – functional training missile[1]
  • Kh-25ML-UR – sectional training missile[1]

Operators
Map with Kh-25 operators in blue

Current operators

Former operators

Similar weapons
  • Kh-23M (AS-7 'Kerry') – predecessor to the Kh-25 had some technology "backported" from the Kh-25
  • Kh-29 (AS-14 'Kedge') – 320 kg warhead; semi-active laser, IIR, passive radar and TV guidance with 10–30 km range
  • Kh-59 (AS-13 'Kingbolt') – longer range missile with heavier warhead and TV guidance
  • Kh-38 – successor to the Kh-25
  • AGM-65 Maverick – similar lightweight missile in US service which has seen numerous guidance and warhead variants
  • AGM-45 Shrike – US equivalent to the Kh-25MP anti-radar missile

Notes
  1. "Kh-25ML". Tactical Missiles Corporation. 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  2. "Kh-25MP". Tactical Missiles Corporation. 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  3. Friedman, Norman (1997). The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997–1998. ISBN 9781557502681. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  4. "Kh-25 (AS-10 'Karen')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, archived from the original on June 12, 2009, retrieved 2009-02-07
  5. "Kh-25MP, Kh-25MPU (AS-12 'Kegler')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, retrieved 2009-02-07
  6. History of JSC Tactical Missile Corporation, pp. 4–6, archived from the original (Word 97 DOC) on 2011-07-27, retrieved 2009-02-26
  7. Friedman, Norman (1997), The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, Naval Institute Press, p. 235, ISBN 978-1-55750-268-1
  8. "Kh-23, Kh-66 Grom (AS-7 'Kerry')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, retrieved 2009-02-07
  9. Angielskiy, Rostislav (July 2005). "«Zvyezda» sniala v Korolevye". Tekhnika i Vooruzheniye (in Russian). No. 7/2005. p. 32.
  10. Miladenov, Alexander (17 September 2013). Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot. ISBN 9781782003595. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  11. Sander Peeters. "Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990 – www.acig.org". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  12. Article title
  13. Friedman, Norman (2006), The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems (5 ed.), Naval Institute Press, p. 838, ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9
  14. "Вооруженные силы Алжира". Archived from the original on 2013-10-18. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  15. Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (26 August 2021). "Tankovy Busters: Su-25TK Attack Aircraft In Ethiopian Service". Oryx.
  16. "Rare photo of North Korean fighter jet firing air-to-air missile emerges after Kim Jong Un visits air base". Business Insider.
  17. "Russian combat helicopters to receive new S-13DF unguided rockets".
  18. Newdick, Thomas (10 August 2022). "Ukrainian Su-24 Back In The Fight And Armed With A Laser-Guided Missile". The Drive.
  19. Quang Minh (2014-06-10). "Kh-25 - Tên lửa đối đất chủ lực của Su-22 Việt Nam" [Kh-25 - the backbone anti-surface missile of Vietnamese Su-22]. Soha (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  20. SIPRI database

References
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