2007 Kenyan general election
General elections were held in Kenya on 27 December 2007.[1] Voters elected the President, and members of the National Assembly. They coincided with the 2007 Kenyan local elections.
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 Presidential election results map. Green denotes provinces won by Kibaki, and Yellow denotes those won by Odinga. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Kenya portal |
Incumbent Mwai Kibaki, running on a Party of National Unity (PNU) ticket, defeated Raila Odinga, leader of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) and Kalonzo Musyoka of Orange Democratic Movement–Kenya. The elections were strongly marked by ethnic hostility, with Kibaki a member of the traditionally dominant Kikuyu ethnic group, gaining much support amongst the Kikuyu and neighbouring groups in central Kenya, including the Embu and Meru. Odinga, as a member of the Luo ethnic group, succeeded in creating a wider base by building a coalition with regional leaders from the Luhya in Western Kenya, Kalenjin from the Rift Valley and Muslim leaders from the Coast Province. Kibaki was declared the winner with 46% of the vote, and was sworn in at State House on 30 December. However, opposition leader Raila Odinga also claimed victory,[2][3] and civil unrest broke out resulting in the deaths of several hundred people and the displacement of up to 600,000. This was ended by the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, which led to Odinga being appointed as Prime Minister.
In the National Assembly elections, the ODM won 99 of the 208 seats, with the PNU finishing second with 43 seats. The Kenya African National Union, which had ruled the country from independence until 2002 was reduced to being the fourth-largest party with only 15 seats. Only 71 of the 190 sitting MPs were re-elected, twenty ministers lost their seats and a record 15 female MPs were elected.[4]
There is agreement in the international community that the presidential elections were at least partially manipulated.[5] In July 2008, an exit poll commissioned by the US was released, suggested that Odinga was predicted to have won the presidency by a comfortable margin of 6%, 46% to 40%, well outside the exit poll's 1.3% margin of error.[6]
Background
Presidential candidates
Incumbent president Mwai Kibaki declared his intention to run for re-election on 26 January 2007, although he had previously declared prior to the 2002 elections that he needed only one term as president.[7] On 16 September 2007, Kibaki announced that he would run as the candidate of a new alliance called the Party of National Unity, which would include a number of parties, including KANU,[8][9] the Democratic Party, NARC–Kenya, FORD-Kenya, Ford–People and Shirikisho among others.[9]
The Orange Democratic Movement–Kenya (ODM–Kenya) alliance was expected to field the strongest challenger to Kibaki; the main parties originally affiliated to ODM–Kenya were the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and KANU.[10] At the time of the 2002 elections, the LDP had been part of the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) movement backing Kibaki, but its ministers were dismissed from the cabinet after the 2005 constitutional referendum.[11] KANU and LDP had originally teamed up for the 2005 referendum under the banner Orange Democratic Movement,[12] but former president Daniel arap Moi was among the KANU faction opposing involvement with the ODM–Kenya coalition.[13] As a result, ODM–Kenya split in two in August 2007, one remaining as ODM–Kenya and led by Kalonzo Musyoka, the other going by the name Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). KANU subsequently left the coalition entirely, and Moi announced his support for Kibaki, his former political enemy, in late August.[14] Uhuru Kenyatta followed suit and announced his support for Kibaki in mid-September. KANU did not nominate as presidential candidate, although it contested the National Assembly elections.[15]
Several ODM members vied for presidency, including Musyoka, Raila Odinga, Kenyatta (before KANU's withdrawal), William Ruto, Najib Balala, Musalia Mudavadi and Joseph Nyagah.[16] Following the August 2007 split, ODM–Kenya appointed Musyoka as its candidate on 31 August and the ODM selected Odinga as its candidate on 1 September.[17][18][19]
Presidential candidates presented their nomination papers on 14 and 15 November to the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) and nine candidates were cleared to be on the ballot in December.[20] All nine presidential candidates also ran for a parliamentary seat as required by Kenyan law; the presidential election winner needed to also win a parliamentary seat to be named president.[21]
National Assembly
The ninth parliament was dissolved on Monday 22 October 2007,[22] with the election date of 27 December announced on 26 October 2007 by the ECK. The ECK initially set a deadline of 19 November 2007 for submitting the candidate lists to prevent candidates from defecting after failing to gain nominations from their parties, but later retracted and allowed defections to minor parties.[23] The ODM, PNU and ODM–K held their primary elections on 16 November, with all three termed as chaotic and being marred by irregularities and violence. Numerous candidates defected to smaller parties after failing to get candidature by their respective parties,[24] including Nobel laureate Wangari Maathai, who failed to gain a PNU nomination, and former Interior Minister Chris Murungaru, who lost out to a little-known trader.[25]
There were 14,296,180 registered voters; 68.8% of the electorate were aged between 18–40, with the remaining 31.2% being those over 40.[21]
Campaign
President
Kibaki began his presidential campaign on 30 September at Nyayo Stadium in Nairobi.[26] Odinga launched his campaign in Uhuru Park on 6 October 2007.[27][28] On the same day, three ODM supporters were shot (one of them fatally), allegedly by bodyguards of Stanley Livondo, who was running as the PNU candidate for Odinga's seat in the National Assembly. Livondo was arrested, along with two of his bodyguards and later released.[28] Pius Muiru, a televangelist and the leader of Kenya People's Party (KPP), officially launched his bid for the presidency on 21 October 2007 at Kamukunji grounds.[29]
Two cabinet ministers, first Health Minister Charity Ngilu and then Regional Co-operation Minister John Koech, backed Odinga in October; Kibaki dismissed Ngilu from the cabinet.[30]
National Assembly
A record 2,548 candidates contested the National Assembly elections, more than double the 1,033 that ran in 2002.[31][21] The 269 female candidates was also a record.[31]
The ODM had the highest number of candidates with 190, followed by Kenya National Democratic Alliance (KENDA) with 170, the PNU (135), ODM–K (135), KADDU (97) KANU (91), Safina (88), NARC (73), the Democratic Party (86) and NARC–Kenya (59). A total of 108 parties fielded parliamentary candidates, another record.[31] For the first time, no party fielded a candidate in every constituency; every previous election had seen KANU contest every seat.[31] The Kitutu Masaba Constituency had the highest number of candidates at 33 and all 210 constituencies had at least two candidates, meaning that there were no uncontested seats, another first.[21]
Opinion polls
Opinion polls in late October put support for Odinga at 50%, with Kibaki at 39%, and Musyoka at 8%.[32] A poll released in early November put Odinga at 45%, Kibaki at 41% and Musyoka at 11%, while on 23 November a poll placed Odinga and Kibaki at about the same level, with 43.6% and 43.3% respectively.[33]
| Date | Pollster | Kibaki | Musyoka | Odinga | Mudavadi | Ruto | Kenyatta |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 2006 | Steadman International | 41% | 20% | 13% | 3% | 5% | |
| December 2006 | Steadman International | 42% | 20% | 14% | 3% | 5% | |
| March 2007 | Steadman International | 51% | 14% | 17% | 2% | 2% | 2% |
| April 2007 | IRI | 44.3% | 15.3% | 18.7% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 3.5% |
| June 2007 | RMS | 45% | 14% | 28% | 4% | 3% | 4% |
| July 2007 | Steadman International | 45% | 11% | 25% | 3% | 2% | 2% |
| August 2007 | Infotrak/Harris Interactive | 42% | 11% | 25% | 8% | 6% | 1% |
| August 2007 | Steadman International | 47% | 13% | 36% | 1% | 1% | |
| September 2007 | Steadman International | 38% | 8% | 47% | |||
| 13 October 2007 | Steadman International | 37% | 8% | 53% | |||
| 23 October 2007 | Steadman International | 39% | 8% | 50% | |||
| 9 November 2007 | Steadman International | 41% | 11% | 45% | |||
| 21 November 2007 | Consumer Insight | 41.4% | 14.7% | 40.7% | |||
| 17 November 2007 | Gallup | 42% | 11% | 45% | |||
| 23 November 2007 | Steadman International | 43.3% | 11.4% | 43.6% | |||
| 7 December 2007 | Steadman International | 42% | 10% | 46% | |||
| 18 December 2007 | Steadman International | 43% | 10% | 45% |
Results
President
Early results published by the Kenyan media gave Raila Odinga a narrow lead of 1,691,679 votes against Kibaki's 1,222,725 in 69 of the country's 210 constituencies.[34] Odinga held a strong lead in vote counting on 28 December,[35] and the ODM declared victory on 29 December;[36] however, as more results were announced on the same day, the gap between the two candidates narrowed.[35][36] Early on 30 December, Odinga accused the government of fraud, urged Kibaki to concede defeat, and called for a recount.[37] The ECK declared Kibaki the winner later on 30 December, placing him ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes.[38][39] According to Odinga, at least 300,000 votes for Kibaki were falsely included in his total.[40] ECK chairman Samuel Kivuitu said that while irregularities had occurred, they were a matter for the courts, not the Electoral Commission.[41] Following the Commission's declaration of his victory, Kibaki was sworn in for his second term later on the same day,[39][42] saying that he had been told by his people that he had won, calling for the "verdict of the people" to be respected and for "healing and reconciliation" to begin.[39]
Kivuitu said that there were some problems with the count, noting that in one constituency voter turnout was reported as 115%,[43] although this was later clarified by Kivuitu appearing in an interview by Nation Television due to a double entry of one polling station in Maragua Constituency on the parliamentary tally and not the presidential tally. According to the European Union's head election observer, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, the elections were "flawed"[35] and the ECK had failed to establish "the credibility of the tallying process to the satisfaction of all parties and candidates."[44] The United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, said that he had "real concerns" about the elections. While the United States initially congratulated Kibaki and called for the results to be respected,[45] it also expressed concern,[46] and on 2 January 2008 a spokesman for the US State Department declined to confirm US recognition of Kibaki's victory.[47] In a telex from then US Embassy in Nairobi to the State Department in Washington DC [released in July 2012], US Ambassador Michael Ranneberger set out five scenarios as to who really won the election. He wrote, ‘In all cases the margin of victory for either side is slim and ultimately unknowable’. The telex also noted that there was ‘evidence of rigging on both sides’.[48][49] Kivuitu said on 2 January that he had been pressured by PNU and ODM–K (Kibaki's and Kalonzo Musyoka's parties) into announcing the results without delay, declaring Kibaki the winner; claiming that he did not personally know who really won.[50]
Within minutes of the Commission's declaration of Kibaki's victory, ethnically based rioting and violence, primarily directed against Kikuyus, broke out across Kenya,[35] and the government suspended live television coverage for some days.[35][45][51][52] Odinga alleged that "a clique of people around Kibaki" sought to rig the election, but said that democracy "is unstoppable like the flow of the Nile". The ODM announced its intention to hold a ceremony on 31 December in which Odinga would be declared the "people's president", but police said that this could incite violence and that Odinga could be arrested if the ceremony occurred.[45] Odinga then delayed this, but called for a million-strong rally on 3 January 2008 and for his supporters to wear black armbands as a show of mourning.[53][54]
Odinga said that the ODM would not negotiate with Kibaki unless he resigned, because to do so would mean acknowledging Kibaki's legitimacy; he also said that, unless stopped, the "ruling clique" could rig the next elections in five years as well, and that he was not afraid of being arrested, having been jailed many times in the past.[55] For his part, Kibaki emphasised the importance of peace, stability, and tolerance in his 2008 New Year's message, speaking of the elections as a concluded event and warning that law-breakers would be punished.[56]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mwai Kibaki | Party of National Unity | 4,584,721 | 46.42 | |
| Raila Odinga | Orange Democratic Movement | 4,352,993 | 44.07 | |
| Kalonzo Musyoka | Orange Democratic Movement–Kenya | 879,903 | 8.91 | |
| Joseph Karani | Kenya Patriotic Trust Party | 21,171 | 0.21 | |
| Pius Muiru | Kenya Peoples' Party | 9,667 | 0.10 | |
| Nazlin Omar | Workers Congress Party of Kenya | 8,624 | 0.09 | |
| Kenneth Matiba | Saba Saba Asili | 8,046 | 0.08 | |
| David Waweru Ng'ethe | Chama Cha Uma | 5,976 | 0.06 | |
| Nixon Kukubo | Republican Party of Kenya | 5,927 | 0.06 | |
| Total | 9,877,028 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 14,296,180 | – | ||
| Source: African Elections Database | ||||
National Assembly
Preliminary results showed that Vice-President Moody Awori and Wangari Maathai both lost their seats. Other notable politicians with the same fate included Mutahi Kagwe, Musikari Kombo, Simeon Nyachae, Nicholas Biwott, Chris Murungaru, Mukhisa Kituyi, Raphael Tuju, Kipruto Kirwa, Njenga Karume and Gideon Moi, the son of former president Daniel arap Moi.[57][58][59][60]
The elections were cancelled in Kamukunji and Kilgoris.[61]
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Orange Democratic Movement | 2,973,415 | 30.83 | 99 | New | |
| Party of National Unity | 2,014,413 | 20.89 | 43 | New | |
| Orange Democratic Movement–Kenya | 633,880 | 6.57 | 16 | New | |
| Kenya African National Union | 613,864 | 6.36 | 15 | −49 | |
| Safina | 366,629 | 3.80 | 5 | +3 | |
| National Rainbow Coalition | 328,945 | 3.41 | 3 | – | |
| Democratic Party | 237,205 | 2.46 | 2 | −37 | |
| FORD–People | 192,489 | 2.00 | 3 | −11 | |
| Kenya African Democratic Development Union | 190,051 | 1.97 | 1 | – | |
| Kenya National Democratic Alliance | 162,538 | 1.69 | 1 | +1 | |
| NARC–Kenya | 158,752 | 1.65 | 4 | New | |
| Sisi Kwa Sisi | 149,933 | 1.55 | 2 | 0 | |
| Chama Cha Uzalendo | 115,243 | 1.19 | 2 | – | |
| United Democratic Movement | 107,831 | 1.12 | 1 | +1 | |
| Mazingira Green Party of Kenya | 95,227 | 0.99 | 1 | +1 | |
| New Ford Kenya | 88,562 | 0.92 | 2 | New | |
| Party of Independent Candidates of Kenya | 85,348 | 0.88 | 2 | +2 | |
| FORD–Kenya | 75,145 | 0.78 | 1 | −20 | |
| FORD–Asili | 66,013 | 0.68 | 1 | −1 | |
| National Labour Party | 51,887 | 0.54 | 1 | – | |
| The Independent Party | 50,797 | 0.53 | 0 | – | |
| Social Democratic Party | 39,871 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | |
| Kenya National Congress | 39,840 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | |
| Party of Hope | 35,962 | 0.37 | 0 | – | |
| National Patriotic Party of Kenya | 33,289 | 0.35 | 0 | – | |
| Labour Party of Kenya | 33,008 | 0.34 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Alliance Party of Kenya | 31,331 | 0.32 | 0 | – | |
| KADU–Asili | 30,462 | 0.32 | 1 | – | |
| Agano Party | 30,085 | 0.31 | 0 | – | |
| New Sisi Kwa Sisi Kenya | 28,893 | 0.30 | 0 | – | |
| Chama Cha Mwananchi | 27,438 | 0.28 | 0 | – | |
| Forum for Republican Party | 26,333 | 0.27 | 0 | – | |
| United Democratic Party of Kenya | 23,870 | 0.25 | 0 | – | |
| Green African Party | 20,038 | 0.21 | 0 | – | |
| Dynamic Development Party | 19,972 | 0.21 | 0 | – | |
| United Democrats of Peace And Integrity in Kenya | 19,648 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| Community Development Party | 18,994 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| Farmers Party | 18,985 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| Federal Party of Kenya | 17,491 | 0.18 | 0 | – | |
| Peoples Democratic Party | 15,655 | 0.16 | 1 | +1 | |
| National Integrity Party | 15,443 | 0.16 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Liberty Party | 15,379 | 0.16 | 0 | – | |
| Shirikisho Party of Kenya | 15,228 | 0.16 | 0 | – | |
| New Democrats | 14,986 | 0.16 | 0 | – | |
| Peoples Party of Kenya | 14,892 | 0.15 | 1 | +1 | |
| Peoples' Solidarity Union of Kenya | 14,315 | 0.15 | 0 | – | |
| New Revival Generation Party | 14,302 | 0.15 | 0 | – | |
| United People's Congress | 12,750 | 0.13 | 0 | – | |
| Pambazuka Party of Kenya | 12,390 | 0.13 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Citizens Congress | 12,347 | 0.13 | 0 | – | |
| Growth and Development Party | 11,786 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| Social Party for Advancement and Reforms – Kenya | 11,764 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| National Democratic Alliance | 11,357 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Social Congress | 11,223 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | |
| Liberal Democratic Movement | 10,886 | 0.11 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Party of Kenya | 10,494 | 0.11 | 0 | – | |
| Generation Alliance Party of Kenya | 9,808 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| Daraja Ya Wakenya Party | 9,719 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| National Alliance Party | 9,112 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| Saba Saba Asili | 8,301 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| Kifagio Party of Kenya | 8,106 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Progressive Party of Kenya | 8,081 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya People's Party | 8,067 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Chama Cha Uma Party | 7,367 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| New Kanu Alliance Party of Kenya | 7,010 | 0.07 | 0 | – | |
| Mass Party of Kenya | 6,600 | 0.07 | 0 | – | |
| National Progressive Party | 6,106 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| Vipa Progressive Alliance | 5,652 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| Common Wealth Development Party of Kenya | 5,573 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| Workers Congress Party of Kenya | 5,386 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| New Aspiration Party | 5,172 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Representative Party | 5,020 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Affiliated Democratic Unity | 4,531 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Nationalist Peoples Democratic Party | 4,099 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Freedom Party of Kenya | 3,795 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Movement for Democratic Advancement Party of Kenya | 2,496 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Citizen Democratic Party of Kenya | 2,485 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Labour Party of Kenya | 2,439 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Communal Democracy Party of Kenya | 2,347 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| National Dynamic Development Party | 2,252 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| National Renewal People's Party | 2,009 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Patriotic Trust Party | 1,878 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| The National Integration Party of Kenya | 1,799 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Union of National Alliance of Peace | 1,457 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| National Party of Kenya | 1,339 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Chama Cha Muafaka Na Mwangaza | 1,250 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Democracy Assistance Party | 1,220 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| National Liberation Party | 1,089 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| National Conservative Party of Kenya | 1,081 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Chama Cha Utu | 985 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Allied Democratic Party of Kenya | 976 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Alliance for the Restoration of Democracy in Kenya | 923 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya National Liberation Party | 898 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Moral Integrity Party | 885 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Party for Economic Change And Democracy | 879 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| The Nuru Party | 832 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Green Social Democratic Party of Kenya | 706 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Cultural Alliance | 699 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| National Star Party of Kenya | 691 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Social Welfare Alliance Party of Kenya | 620 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Wakulima Party of Kenya | 598 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Jubilee Peoples Party of Kenya | 547 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Muungano Party | 517 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Pan Africa Assemblies | 475 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Reform Party of Kenya | 390 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Forum for Orange Democratic Change Party | 318 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Peoples Patriotic Party of Kenya | 301 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Community Party | 233 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Restoration Democrats of Kenya | 219 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Universal Democratic Party of Kenya | 204 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Political Caucus Party of Kenya | 203 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Peoples Convention Party | 181 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| The National Republican Party of Kenya | 172 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Kenya Republican Reformation Party | 76 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Movement for Democratic Advancement Party | 62 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Union of Democratic Party | 50 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| United Party of Democracy | 46 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Vacant | 2 | – | |||
| Total | 9,645,206 | 100.00 | 210 | 0 | |
| Source: IDE | |||||
Aftermath
Kibaki, of the Kikuyu ethnic group, was supported by Kikuyus, while Odinga, of the Luo ethnic group, was supported by the Luo and Kalenjins. Fifteen minutes after Kibaki was announced as the winner of the presidential elections, Luo began violent demonstrations in Nairobi. Within a day, nearly all businesses were closed and streets were empty. During January and February 2008, hundreds of thousands of people were displaced from their homes, and more than 1,000 people died from the post-election violence. Crime exploded in Kikuyu settlements in the Rift Valley, and intra-urban slums in Mombasa. Most Kikuyus in the Rift Valley fled their homes and settled anywhere they could find refuge. Some Kikuyu's settled in a church at Kiambaa in Eldoret, where Kalenjin youth barricaded the door from outside and set the church on fire killing about 30 people.[62] Farms were looted and roads were blocked, leaving people unable to work, farmers and commuters alike. Many members of large ethnic groups attacked anyone whom they felt didn't belong; minorities and people that had come from other countries were common targets. Some people even fled to Uganda and other nearby countries to escape the social unrest. One sector greatly affected by the political unrest was tourism; flights and tours were cancelled, companies withdrew from Kenya, and many people lost their job due to lay-offs. The international media covered the tragedies extensively, giving the outside world the impression that the entire country was amidst a bloody battle, when truly, parts of Kenya were untouched by violence. The loss Kenya suffered from the lack of visitation equals approximately $47.6 million.[63] The fragile state of the economy affected surrounding countries as well.
After being sworn in as President, Kibaki named a partial cabinet on 8 January 2008, composed of 17 MPs from his party PNU and ODM–Kenya which entered into a coalition agreement, along with KANU. A number of further cabinet slots were left temporarily open, presumably to give space for negotiations with the opposition ODM, which immediately challenged the constitutionality of the new government.
By April 2008, Kenya was stable, though the conflict left “1,500 dead, 3,000 innocent women raped, and 300,000 people internally displaced."[64] Kibaki remained President and Odinga was named Prime Minister. The National Assembly results were cancelled in three of the 210 constituencies. Prior to 2007, hostility surrounding politics in Kenya existed on a much smaller scale. In 1991, when multi-party politics was introduced, violence became known as an election-time tradition. However, the fighting and aggression demonstrated in December 2007 and January and February 2008 was and has been unmatched by any election-related uprising. In August 2012, the Nakuru County Peace Accord was signed, a treaty designed to address sources of ethnic conflict and violence in the Rift Valley region of Kenya.
Both Kibaki and Odinga largely ignored United Nations efforts to set up independent tribunals to bring the leaders of the post 2007-election violence to justice.[64]
On 10 December 2020, a high court orders the government to compensate four victims of sexual attacks by security agents during post-election violence during violence following the 2007 Kenyan general election.[65]
| Position | Minister |
|---|---|
| Vice-President | Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka |
| Minister for Home Affairs | |
| Minister of State for Defence | Mohamed Yusuf Haji |
| Minister of State for Provincial Administration and Internal Security | |
| Minister for Education | Sam Ongeri |
| Minister for Energy | Kiraitu Murungi |
| Minister for Finance | Amos Kimunya |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs | Moses Wetangula |
| Minister for Information and Communications | Samuel Poghisio |
| Minister for Justice and Constitutional Affairs | Martha Karua |
| Minister for Local Government | Uhuru Kenyatta |
| Minister for Public Service | Asman Kamama |
| Minister for Roads and Public Works | John Michuki |
| Minister for Science and Technology | Noah Wekesa |
| Minister of State for Special Programmes | Naomi Shaban |
| Minister for the East African Community | Wilfred Machage |
| Minister for Transport | Chirau Ali Mwakwere |
| Minister for Water and Irrigation | John Munyes |
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- Kenya: Raila Calls for Vote Recount The East African Standard, 30 December 2007
- Kenyan police try to block opposition rally Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 3 January 2008
- Kibaki named victor in Kenya vote BBC News, 20 December 2007
- Kenyans riot after 'rigged' election AFP, 31 December 2007
- Tribal violence breaks out in Kenya over disputed election result International Herald Tribune, 30 December 2007
- Incumbent Declared Winner in Kenya's Disputed Election The Washington Post, 31 December 2007
- Kenya election results expected today SABC News, 30 December 2007
- Kibaki re-elected as president of Kenya Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 30 December 2008
- Odinga rejects Kenya poll result BBC News, 31 December 2007
- Kenya election riots leave more than 120 dead The Daily Telegraph, 31 December 2007
- US in Diplomatic Push to End Kenya Violence Archived 6 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine VOA News, 2 January 2007
- "FOIA Release DOC NO C17443900 JANUARY 2008". Kenyadocex.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- "US Embassy: Was the election stolen?". Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- I acted under a pressure, says Kivuitu East Africa Standard, 2 January 2008
- Kenya: Violence Erupts After Kibaki Sworn in The Nation, 30 December 2007
- Kenya: Death and Chaos After Kibaki Win The Nation, 31 December 2007
- Kenya: Police Claim Shoot To Kill Orders Associated Press, 31 December 2007
- Will Kenya's Vote Lead to Tribal War? Time, 31 December 2007
- Raila’s terms for talks with Kibaki on crisis Archived 22 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Daily Nation, 1 January 2008
- Kibaki warns law breakers of stern action Archived 22 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Daily Nation, 1 January 2008
- Parliamentary preliminary results Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Kenya Broadcasting corporation, 28 December 2007
- VP, Ministers lose parliamentary seats The Standard, 28 December 2007
- 'Rattler' John Michuki Survives in Kangema but Newton Kulundu falls in Western Archived 27 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Kenya London News, 28 December 2007
- President’s powerful lieutenants lose seats The Standard, 29 December 2007
- Changing standing orders should top agenda as Parliament convenes Archived 16 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine Daily Nation, 9 January 2008
- "'We told them to come out of the church, but they locked the door ... So we burned them'". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- Lafargue, Jerome (2009). General Election in Kenya, 2007. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki Na Nyota.
- Roberts, Mara J. (2012). "Conflict Analysis of the 2007 Post-Election Violence in Kenya". In Adebayo, A.G. (ed.). Managing Conflicts in Africa’s Democratic Transitions. Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 141. ISBN 9780739172636.
- "Kenya to compensate rape victims from violence 13 years ago". Associated Press. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
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