Khorog

Khorog[lower-alpha 1] (Tajik: Хоруғ, Latin script: Xoruƣ; Russian: Хорог, romanized: Khorog; Persian: خاروغ, romanized: Khārūgh) is the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan. It is also the capital of the Shughnon District of Gorno-Badakhshan. It has a population of 30,500 (2020 est.).[1]

Khorog
Хоруғ (Tajik)
Хорог (Russian)
Official seal of Khorog
Seal
Khorog is located in Tajikistan
Khorog
Khorog
Location of Khorog in Tajikistan
Coordinates: 37°29′30″N 71°33′21″E
Country Tajikistan
RegionGorno-Badakhshan
Elevation
2,123 m (6,965 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total30,500
Time zoneGMT+5
Area code+992 3522
ClimateBSk

Khorog is 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) above sea level in the Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon) at the confluence of the rivers Ghunt and Panj. The city is bounded to the south (Nivodak) and to the north (Tem) by the deltas of the Shakhdara and Ghunt, respectively. The two rivers merge in the eastern part of the city flow through the city, dividing it almost evenly until its delta in the Panj, on the border with Afghanistan. Khorog is known for its poplar trees that dominate the flora of the city.

History
Typical scenery in the area

Until the late 19th century, Khorog was in an area disputed between the Emir of Bukhara, Shah of Afghanistan, Russia and Britain. The Russians emerged the winners of the region after The Great Game, which fixed the current northern border of Afghanistan on the Panj River and established the territory of Russian Pamir around Khorog.

Before 1896, when the Russians arrived and built a fort, the main town in the area was Kala-i Bar Panj (or Bar Panja Qal'a) somewhat downriver on the Afghan side. Following the fall of czarist Russia and the rise of the Soviet Union, Khorog became the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan in 1925. Soviet leaders encouraged the migration of settlers to the area with promises of pay, medals and automobiles, but with no industry and little arable land, the effort was not successful.

Khorog occupied headlines in July 2012 due to a government forces clash with guerrillas. Over 40 people, including 12 soldiers were killed (many reports indicated that the number of casualties could be higher). The country’s security forces moved in to arrest suspects in the murder of secret services General Abdullo Nazarov. The alleged criminals were linked to former guerrilla leader-turned-border patrol commander Tolib Ayombekov. Ayombekov is alleged to have been involved in drug trafficking and the smuggling of tobacco and precious stones for many years.[2] In 2014, 2018, 2021 and most recently in May 2022, Khorog was the scene of violent clashes and demonstrations against suspected human rights violations by security forces.[3]

Pamir's botanical garden is the most popular view of Khorog. It was established in 1940 to test the survival rate of various plants in mountain climate conditions. More than 30,000 varieties of plants have been checked according to official statistics, which now covers around 4,000 types of garden collection. Located close to Khorog, the botanic garden of Pamir opens up a great panoramic view of the entire city.[4]

Facilities and education

Modern Khorog is one of the poorest areas of Tajikistan, with the non-profit Aga Khan Foundation providing almost the only source of cash income. However, the city does have its own university (Khorog State University), founded in 1992), twelve schools, and several hospitals. There is a museum, the Khorog Regional Museum,[5] an Ismaili Centre,[6] and the second-highest botanical garden in the world, the Pamir Botanical Garden.[7][8]

Along the Dushanbe–Khorog highway

Khorog is also host to the Aga Khan Lycee and one of the three campuses of the University of Central Asia. The university was founded in 2000 by the governments of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, and The Aga Khan. It is the world’s first internationally chartered institution of higher education. UCA has three Schools – School of Arts and Sciences, Graduate School of Development and the School of Professional and Continuing Education. The Khorog campus offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in Global Economics and Earth and Environmental Sciences.[9]

Transportation

There is a bridge to the Afghan side of the river. Khorog is situated along the Pamir Highway at the point where it leaves the Panj valley and heads east up the Ghunt valley. The Pamir highway is the main road in Gorno-Badakhshan and connects the Tajik capital of Dushanbe toward the west to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the northeast.

The highway is very difficult to pass in both directions, especially during winter and spring. Khorog also has a small airport, which can accommodate smaller airplanes like AN-28 turboprop and the Yakovlev YAK-40, or helicopters.

Climate

Khorog experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers.

Climate data for Khorog (1991–2020, extremes 1898–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1)		 12.6
(54.7)		 21.6
(70.9)		 30.2
(86.4)		 35.0
(95.0)		 38.2
(100.8)		 39.0
(102.2)		 38.2
(100.8)		 36.0
(96.8)		 29.5
(85.1)		 20.5
(68.9)		 14.0
(57.2)		 39.0
(102.2)
Average high °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5)		 1.2
(34.2)		 7.6
(45.7)		 16.2
(61.2)		 21.9
(71.4)		 26.8
(80.2)		 30.2
(86.4)		 30.4
(86.7)		 26.3
(79.3)		 18.3
(64.9)		 10.3
(50.5)		 2.3
(36.1)		 15.8
(60.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.8
(19.8)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 2.8
(37.0)		 10.5
(50.9)		 15.1
(59.2)		 19.3
(66.7)		 22.7
(72.9)		 22.8
(73.0)		 18.2
(64.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 4.2
(39.6)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 9.4
(49.0)
Average low °C (°F) −10.5
(13.1)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 5.8
(42.4)		 9.5
(49.1)		 12.6
(54.7)		 15.4
(59.7)		 15.3
(59.5)		 10.6
(51.1)		 4.6
(40.3)		 0.1
(32.2)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 4.1
(39.3)
Record low °C (°F) −27.1
(−16.8)		 −28.7
(−19.7)		 −19.8
(−3.6)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 1.9
(35.4)		 2.2
(36.0)		 5.4
(41.7)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −7.7
(18.1)		 −13.2
(8.2)		 −24.7
(−12.5)		 −27.1
(−16.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31.9
(1.26)		 33.2
(1.31)		 33.3
(1.31)		 34.1
(1.34)		 34.1
(1.34)		 14.4
(0.57)		 2.4
(0.09)		 0.4
(0.02)		 1.8
(0.07)		 11.5
(0.45)		 17.7
(0.70)		 22.1
(0.87)		 236.9
(9.33)
Average precipitation days 11.5 13.2 16.4 13.5 12.2 5.7 3.7 1.4 1.0 5.6 7.5 11.5 103.2
Average relative humidity (%) 72.2 70.7 61.8 51.6 52.8 48.0 43.9 40.7 43.8 54.3 60.1 64.9 55.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 108 103 139 178 223 262 269 275 245 181 144 105 2,232
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[10] NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[11]
Source 2: climatebase.ru (precipitation days, humidity),[12] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[13]

Notable people

The following is a list of well-known people who were born or brought up in Khorog:

Sports

Khorog is the locality of highest altitude where bandy has been played.[14]

Panorama of Khorog from the north
Panorama of Khorog from the east

Notes
  1. Also transliterated as Khorugh (from Persian) or Horog (from Tajik)

References
  1. "Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2020" (PDF) (in Russian). Statistics office of Tajikistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  2. "Government Forces Clash with Guerrillas in Tajikistan". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  3. Roof-top Info (2022). "What is happening in Tajikistan? Background information on the situation in Khorugh" (PDF). Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  4. "Khorog". Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  5. "Regional Museum". lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  6. "Khorog Travel Guide". Caravanistan. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  7. "Pamir Botanical Garden". lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  8. "Pamir Botanical garden". traveltajikistan.net. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  9. "Undergraduate Programme – University of Central Asia". www.ucentralasia.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  10. КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  11. "Horog (Khorog) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  12. "Khorog,Tajikistan". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  13. "Station Khorog" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  14. Boris Fominykh (15 January 2011). "Опубликован календарь матчей турнира по хоккею с мячом Азиады-2011". bandynet.ru. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Khorugh.

37°29′N 71°33′E

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