Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh

Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh (Persian: خلاصۃ التواریخ, "Epitome of History") is a Persian language chronicle written by Sujan Rai in the Mughal Empire of present-day India. It deals with the history of Hindustan (northern Indian subcontinent), and also contains details about the contemporary Mughal Empire. The author completed the work in 1695 CE, during the reign of Aurangzeb. An insertion about Aurangzeb's death was later added to the original copy by a transcriber.

Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh
AuthorSujan Rai
CountryMughal Empire
LanguagePersian
SubjectHistory of India
Genrenon-fiction
Published1695 (manuscript); 1918 (printed)

Alternative transliterations of the book's title include Khulasat-Al-Tavarikh and Khulasatu-t-Tawarikh.

Authorship and date

The author's name is not given anywhere in the actual book, but the transcribers' notes in several manuscripts mention him as Sujan Rai. Some manuscripts appended Bhandari or Batalvi to his name.[1] The title Munshi is also prefixed to his name. One manuscript calls him the "Munshi of Munshis".[2]

Rai was a Khatri Hindu from Batala. As a young man, he had served as a dabir (secretary) to some nobles.[1] He knew Hindi, Persian and Sanskrit languages.[2]

Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh was completed in the 40th year of Aurangzeb's reign, corresponding to 1695 CE. Most of the manuscripts contain a brief account of Aurangzeb's death at the end, written abruptly in a small number of lines. This section is believed to be an insertion in an early copy by a transcriber, and was repeated in the subsequent copies.[3]

Contents

Preface

The book has a long preface, which contains a list of 27 Persian and Sanskrit historical works used as references:[1][2]

Persian translations of Sanskrit works

  1. Razm-Namah, translation of Mahabharata by Abdul Qadir Badayuni and Sheikh Muhammad Sultan Thanesari; commissioned by Akbar
  2. Translation of Ramayana; commissioned by Akbar
  3. Translation of Harivamsa, translated by Maulana Tabrezi; commissioned by Akbar
  4. Jog Basisht, translation of Yoga Vasistha by Shaikh Ahmad; commissioned by Dara Shikoh
  5. Kitab Bhagawat
  6. Gulafshan, translation of Singhasan Battisi
  7. Translation of Bidhadhar's Rajavali by Nibahuram
  8. Translation of Pandit Raghu Nath's Rajatarangini, by Maulana Imad-ud-Din

Persian-language texts

  1. Tarikh-i-Mahmud Gaznawi by Maulana Unsuri; about Mahmud of Ghazni
  2. Tarikh-i-Sultan Shihab-ud-Din Guri; about Muhammad of Ghor
  3. Tarikh-i-Sultan Ala-ud-Din Khalji; about Alauddin Khalji
  4. Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi by Maulana A'azz-ud-Din Khalid Khani; about Firuz Shah Tughlaq
  5. Tarikh-i-Afaghina by Husain Khan Afghan
  6. Zafar Namah by Sharaf-ud-Din Ali Yazdi; about Timur
  7. Timur Namah by Hatifi; about Timur
  8. Akbar Namah by Abu'l Fazl; about Akbar
  9. Tarikh-i Akbar Shahi by Ata Beg Qazwini; about Akbar
  10. Akbar Namah by Shaykh Ilahdad Munshi Murtada Khani; about Akbar
  11. Tabaqat-i-Akbari by Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad Bakshi; about Akbar
  12. Iqbal Namah
  13. Jahangir Namah; about Jahangir
  14. Tarikh-i-Shah Jahan by Waris Khan, corrected by Sa'd Ullah Khan; about Shah Jahan
  15. Tarikh-i-Alamgiri by Mir Muhammad Kazim; about Aurangzeb
  16. Tarikh-i-Bahadur Shahi; about Bahadur Shah of Gujarat

Other

  1. Padmavat
  2. Tarikh-i-Baburi; about Babur; translated from Turki by Mirza Abad-ur-Rahim Khan Khanan
  3. Tarikh-i-Kashmir, translated from the Kashmiri language by Maulana Shah Muhammad Shahabadi

Geography of India during Aurangzeb's reign

Description of Hindustan[1][3]

  • People and their customs
  • Flora and fauna
  • Geography of subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire
    • Chief towns and rivers
    • Handicrafts and other products
    • Interesting localities and Buildings
    • Subdivisions (sarkars and mahals), including revenues

The following provinces are covered in the book:[4]

  1. Shahjahanbad (Delhi)
  2. Akbarabad (Agra)
  3. Allahabad
  4. Awadh
  5. Bihar
  6. Bengal
  7. Orissa
  8. Aurangabad
  9. Berar
  10. Khandesh
  11. Malwa
  12. Ajmer
  13. Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
  14. Thatta
  15. Multan
  16. Lahore
  17. Kashmir
  18. Kabul

The descriptions of many provinces, especially those away from the author's native Punjab region, are borrowed from Ain-i-Akbari.[4] The book gives a detailed and original account of Punjab, especially the Lahore subah and the Batala sarkar.[3]

Hindu kings of India

This part gives an account of the pre-Islamic rulers of India, especially Delhi. It covers kings from the time of the legendary Pandava ruler Yudhishthira to Rai Pithora (Prithviraj Chauhan). The book gives a list of the rulers' names, the period of their reigns and a short account. This section is more of legends than history.[3]

Muslim kings of India

This part gives details of the Muslim rulers, from Nasir-ud-din Sabuktigin to Aurangzeb. A large portion of this part is borrowed from other works mentioned in the preface. The information unique to Khulasat-i-Tawarikh includes an account of the contest between Aurangzeb and his brothers.[3]

Aurangzeb's death

Some copies contain an insertion about Aurangzeb's death, inserted by a transcriber. This part mentions that Aurangzeb died in Ahmadnagar, Deccan. The date of his death was Friday, the 28th Zulqada of the year 1118 A. H., three hours after dawn. His age at time of his death is given as 91 years 17 days and 2 hours. The period of his reign is stated as 50 years, 2 months and 28 days.[3]

Editio princeps

In 1918, Archaeological Survey of India's M. Zafar Hasan made available the first editio princeps of the book. He had come across a reference to the book in Syed Ahmed Khan's Asar-us-Sanadid. He then started searching for manuscripts of the book, and consolidated them into a printed edition.[3]

The five manuscripts used by Hasan were:[3]

  1. A party worm-eaten but complete copy. It seems to be comparatively older, since it doesn't contain the description of Aurangzeb's death. It is written in Shikasta calligraphic style. Its completion is dated to the first year of the reign of Muiz-ud-din Alamgir II. Procured from Delhi.
  2. Written in Nastaliq calligraphic style. It is dated to year 1864 of the Vikram Samvat (1808-09). It was written in the Jaipur town, during the reign of Jagat Singh II of Jaipur, a vassal of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II. Procured from Lucknow.
  3. It is written in Nastaliq characters. The year of composition is illegible. Procured from Moradabad.
  4. It is written in Nastaliq characters. Worm-eaten but complete. There is no date of transcription. Procured from Sardhana.
  5. An incomplete copy that ends with the deposition of emperor Shah Jahan. First three pages are missing. Written in Shikasta style. Procured from Delhi.

References
  1. Muzaffar Alam; Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2011). Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics. Columbia University Press. pp. 414–419. ISBN 978-0-231-52790-3.
  2. "Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh". Indian History - Vol 7, No. 540. pp. 12–14.
  3. M. Zafar Hasan, ed. (1918). Khulasatu-t-Tawarikh. VT J. & Sons. pp. i–iii.
  4. Jadunath Sarkar (1901). India of Aurangzib. Kinnera. pp. xii–xvi.
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