Kh-47M2 Kinzhal

The Kh-47M2 Kinzhal (Russian: Х-47М2 Кинжал, IPA: [kʲɪn'ʐaɫ], "Dagger", NATO reporting name AS-24 Killjoy) is a Russian hypersonic air-launched ballistic missile.[5][6] It has a reported range of 1,500–2,000 km (930–1,240 mi) and speed up to Mach 10.[4] It can carry either conventional or nuclear warheads[7] and can be launched by Tu-22M3 bombers or MiG-31K interceptors. It has been deployed at airbases in Russia's Southern Military District and Western Military District.[8][9]

Kh-47M2 Kinzhal
Х-47М2 Кинжал
A Kh-47M2 Kinzhal being carried by a Mikoyan MiG-31K interceptor
TypeAir-launched ballistic missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service2017–present
Used byRussian Aerospace Forces
WarsRussian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)
Production history
DesignerBelieved to be:
Votkinsk Plant State Production Association and
Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC
Unit costUS$10 million[1]
Specifications
Mass4,300 kg (9,500 lb)
Length7.2 m (23 ft 7 in) (estimated)
Diameter1,200 mm (47 in) (estimated)
Wingspan1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Warhead
EngineSolid-propellant rocket motor
Operational
range
2,000 km (1,200 mi) (Including range of launching aircraft)
Maximum speed Mach 10 (3,400 m/s; 11,200 ft/s) (disputed)[2]
Guidance
system
INS, mid-course update
Steering
system
Four cropped delta‐fins
Launch
platform
ReferencesJanes,[3] CSIS[4]

The Kinzhal entered service in December 2017 and was one of the six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian President Vladimir Putin in March 2018.[10]

Design

The overall design of the missile is shared with the older ground-launched 9K720 Iskander missile, adapted for air launching with a modified guidance section for the Kinzhal. It can reportedly hit both static targets and mobile ones such as aircraft carriers.[11][12]

The high speed of the Kinzhal gives it better target penetration than lighter, slower cruise missiles.[13]

The missile is designed to be able to hit NATO warships posing a threat to strategic missile systems in European Russia and to destroy NATO missile defense systems, ballistic missile defense ships and land objects close to the Russian borders.

In Russian media the "hypersonic" feature has been highlighted as a unique feature to create an impression it is a new and advanced design (hypersonic glide and scramjet) although the Kinzhal actually uses a standard ballistic missile technology at greater speeds. The "hypersonic" feature is shared with many older designs and does not represent any particular technological breakthrough.[14][15]

Russian media state the missile's range as 2,000 km (1,200 mi; 1,100 nmi) when carried by the MiG-31K and 3,000 km (1,900 mi; 1,600 nmi) when carried by the Tu-22M3; in both cases these figures are arrived at by adding the aircraft's combat radius to the missile's range.[16]

The fabrication of one Kh-47 Kinzhal hypersonic missile costs about US$10 million.[1]

Foreign reactions

U.S. defense officials have concluded that existing radar architectures are insufficient to detect and track hypersonic weapons.[17][18]

In March 2022, American President Joe Biden confirmed that Russia used hypersonic missiles in Ukraine. "It's almost impossible to stop it," he said: "There's a reason they're using it."[19]

Operational history

The Kinzhal entered service in December 2017 and was one of the six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian President Vladimir Putin on 1 March 2018.[20][21] The Kinzhal missile has since been deployed on the MiG-31K,[22] the Tu-160M,[23] the Tu-22M3M,[24] and also reportedly the Su-34.[25] In May 2018, ten MiG-31Ks capable of using Kinzhal missiles were on experimental combat duty and ready to be deployed.[26] By December 2018, aircraft armed with Kinzhal missiles had conducted 89 sorties over the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.[27]

By February 2019, crews of the MiG-31K Kinzhal missile carriers had performed more than 380 training sorties with the missile, of which at least 70 have used air-to-air refueling.[12][28][29] The weapon made its public debut during the Aviadarts international contest in August 2019.[30]

According to TASS, the first launch of Kinzhal in the Arctic took place mid-November, 2019. The launch was reportedly carried out by a MiG-31K from Olenya air base. The missile hit a ground target at Pemboy proving ground, reaching a speed of Mach 10.[31] In June 2021, a Kinzhal missile was launched by a MiG-31K from Khmeimim Air Base on a ground target in Syria.[32] A separate aviation regiment was formed in 2021 which is armed with MiG-31K aircraft with the Kinzhal hypersonic missile.[33]

Rumours in early February 2022 suggested that several MiG-31 interceptors armed with Kinzhal missiles were dispatched from Soltsy Air Base, Novgorod Oblast, to Chernyakhovsk Naval Air Base in Russia's western Kaliningrad exclave.[34][35][36][37] Russia's Aerospace Force launched Kinzhal missiles on 19 February 2022.[38]

Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian Aerospace Forces to begin permanent patrols over the Black Sea region with MiG-31K aircraft armed with Kinzhal missiles on 18 October 2023.[39] Russian sources claimed that these missiles have received the capability of mid-flight re-targeting.[40]

Russo-Ukrainian War
Debris presented by Ukraine in May 2023, claimed to be from a Kinzhal missile

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, the Russian military claimed to have used Kinzhal missiles to destroy an alleged underground weapons depot of the Ukrainian armed forces in Deliatyn on March 18, 2022, followed by a fuel depot in Konstantinovka the next day.[41][42] When asked about the use of these missiles, U.S. President Joe Biden noted that it was a significant weapon, but ultimately had the same warhead as any other missile, which is difficult to defend against.[43]

Subsequent reports suggest that the Kinzhal missiles were used again on April 11, while on May 9, Russian Tu-22 aircraft launched three Kinzhal-type missiles at targets in the port city of Odesa.[44] In another development, three MiG-31K fighter aircraft equipped with Kinzhal hypersonic missiles were redeployed to the Chkalovsk airfield in the Kaliningrad Region on August 18, 2022.[45]

On 26 January 2023, the Ukrainian Air Force reported that 55 missiles, including a Kh-47 Kinzhal hypersonic missile, and 24 Shahed-136 drones had been fired at targets in Ukraine.[46] The Ukrainian Air Force claimed that they were able to shoot down all of the drones and 47 of the missiles.[46] However, one person was killed and two others were injured when an apartment block in the Holosiiv district was hit during the attack.[46]

On 9 March 2023, Ukrainian cities were hit with a barrage of 84 missiles, including 6 Kinzhals—the largest use of these missiles to date.[47]

On 4 May 2023 at about 2:40 AM over Kyiv,[48] one Kh-47M2 missile was claimed to be shot down by the Ukrainian air defense forces using a MIM-104 Patriot missile defence system.[49][50][51][52] According to CNN, the Patriot system's ability to stop an air-launched hypersonic missile was considered to be only theoretical before the claimed interception.[53] On 9 May 2023, Patrick S. Ryder, a Pentagon spokesman, confirmed that Ukraine downed the hypersonic missile.[54] On 10 May 2023, Vitali Klitschko showed fragments of the alleged downed Kinzhal missile for Bild journalists in Kyiv.[55] Russian media alleged that the fragments closely resembled the concrete-piercing BETAB-500ShP aerial bomb.[56][57]

On 16 May 2023, Ukraine claimed to have intercepted six Kinzhal missiles fired at Kyiv overnight; Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu denied the Ukrainian claims, saying that not that many Kinzhal missiles had been fired at all.[58] The Russian Defense Ministry claimed to have destroyed a US-built Patriot surface-to-air missile defense system with a Kinzhal missile the same night.[59][60] US officials confirmed that the Patriot system was damaged, but stated that the damage was minimal and that the battery has been fully operational after minor repairs.[61][62] Neither the US nor Ukrainian officials confirmed whether the damage was due to falling debris or another cause.

In an interview published by The Economist on 13 June 2023, the Ukrainian Patriot operators stated that the Kinzhal missiles travelled at approximately 1,240 m/s (Mach 3.6), which is about one-third of the maximum speed claimed by Russia.[2]

Operators
 Russia

See also

References
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    "Night attack on Ukraine cost Russia at least US$120 million". Ukrainska Pravda. 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  2. "How Kyiv fended off a Russian missile blitz in May". The Economist. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023. The Russians' "unbeatable" Kh-47 Kinzhal air-launched ballistic missile was not only beatable; but it was actually travelling at "only" around approximately 1,240 metres per second, a third of what the Russians like to claim.
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