Kobayashi Maru

The Kobayashi Maru is a training exercise in the Star Trek franchise designed to test the character of Starfleet Academy cadets in a no-win scenario. The Kobayashi Maru test was first depicted in the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, and it has since been referred to and depicted in numerous other Star Trek media.

This article is about the fictional Star Trek exercise. For the 1914 historical incident, see Komagata Maru incident. For other uses, see Kobayashi Maru (disambiguation).

The notional goal of the exercise is to rescue the civilian spaceship Kobayashi Maru, which is damaged and stranded in dangerous territory. The cadet being evaluated must decide whether to attempt to rescue the Kobayashi Maru—endangering their ship and crew—or leave the Kobayashi Maru to certain destruction. If the cadet chooses to attempt a rescue, an insurmountable enemy force attacks their vessel. By reprogramming the test itself, James T. Kirk became the only cadet to defeat the Kobayashi Maru situation.

The phrase "Kobayashi Maru" has entered the popular lexicon as a reference to a no-win scenario. The term is also sometimes used to invoke Kirk's decision to "change the conditions of the test."

Depiction
William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk. Kirk is the only character credited in live-action Star Trek with succeeding in the Kobayashi Maru test.

The test is introduced in the opening of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, with Lieutenant Saavik commanding her crew on a bridge simulator. They receive a distress call from the Kobayashi Maru and enter the Klingon Neutral Zone to rescue it. The crew loses contact with the civilian ship and three Klingon vessels attack. With the bridge crew dead and the ship badly damaged, Saavik orders the crew to abandon ship and the simulation ends. When Saavik says the test is unfair because there is no way to win, Admiral James T. Kirk replies that a starship captain might face an actual "no-win scenario". Later in the film, Kirk reveals that he beat the Kobayashi Maru as a cadet on his third attempt by reprogramming the simulation to make it possible to rescue the ship, and that he does not actually believe in the idea of a no-win scenario. The 2009 film Star Trek shows an alternate timeline's version of Cadet Kirk defeating the Kobayashi Maru test.

The test is also depicted in the Star Trek: Prodigy episode "Kobayashi" (2022). Dal, who is struggling as the starship Protostar's captain and is not familiar with Starfleet's test, repeats the simulation many times. Every attempt ends in his ship's destruction, adding to his despondence. A holographic version of Spock advises Dal that "the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few," and Dal realizes he needs to listen to his crew more often.[1]

The Kobayashi Maru is referred to in other live-action and animated content, and characters also use the phrase "Kobayashi Maru" to describe no-win or desperate situations generally. The fourth-season premiere of Star Trek: Discovery is titled "Kobayashi Maru" (2021) and depicts the main characters confronting several challenging situations.[2] Licensed media provide additional depictions of and references to the test, and two Star Trek novels carry the test's name in their title: The Kobayashi Maru (1989) by Julia Ecklar and Kobayashi Maru (2008) by Michael A. Martin and Andy Mangels.

The simulation is performed in the novel Stone and Anvil (2003), a part of the Star Trek: New Frontier series by Peter David. In this version, Klingons are replaced by Romulans and the simulation takes place on the holodeck. Captain Mackenzie Calhoun decides to blow up with Kobayashi Maru, which the enemy ships had decided to use as cover, and as a result two of the three enemy ships are blown towards each other, leading to their destruction. This allows for Calhoun's ship to escape.[3]

Concept and production

Star Trek II screenwriter Jack B. Sowards developed the Kobayashi Maru, naming it after his former neighbors. Kirk's rejection of "the no-win scenario" in the film is one of several characterizations that reflected Sowards' own mindset at the time. Anticipating that news would leak of Spock's death at the film's end, Sowards had Spock and other known Enterprise bridge officers feign their deaths as part of the opening Kobayashi Maru simulation; Kirk's quip afterward to Spock—"Aren't you dead?"—was Sowards' way of playing on that knowledge with the audience.[4]

The "all-star crew" of Spock, Uhura, Sulu, and McCoy on the bridge simulator in Star Trek II motivated Star Trek: Prodigy's producers to attempt to create a "perfect" bridge crew for a holodeck in their show. The writers could not reach consensus, and their lineup was limited by the availability of appropriate audio. Aaron Waltke, who wrote the episode, believed strongly that the characters should be voiced by the original actors, which meant finding either archived audio or recording new dialogue. Waltke did most of the research to find appropriate audio, which involved reading 90 scripts and watching 40 episodes from across the franchise; he called it "one of the hardest writing experiences I've ever had." The protagonist Dal's (voiced by Brett Gray) holographic bridge crew ultimately consisted of Spock, Uhura, Scotty, and Odo, and they were "voiced" by mixing archival television and film dialogue of the characters as depicted by Leonard Nimoy, Nichelle Nichols, James Doohan, and René Auberjonois, respectively. Beverly Crusher was added when the writers realized someone needed to interact more directly with Dal, and Gates McFadden recorded new dialogue for the character.[5]

Critical response and impact

Entertainment Weekly said the Kobayashi Maru test is one of the top ten elements of Star Trek with which non-fans are likely to be familiar;[6] writing for Tor, Keith DeCandido said "everyone knows that the Kobayashi Maru refers to a no-win scenario".[7] Craig S. Semon said that if the 2009 Star Trek film were popular with both general audiences and serious Star Trek fans, then director J. J. Abrams will have outperformed Kirk on the Kobayashi Maru.[8] io9 called Prodigy's Kobayashi Maru and its impact on Dal "surprisingly touching".[9]

After being diagnosed with terminal cancer, Star Trek fan Randy Pausch received an autographed picture of Kirk whose inscription from William Shatner echoed Kirk's dialogue in Star Trek II: "I don't believe in the no-win scenario."[10]

The term has been applied to real-world scenarios with no perceived positive outcome or that requires outside-the-box thinking, such as climate change,[11] constitutional law,[12] education,[13] and the casting of the Ancient One character in Doctor Strange.[14][15] Commentators have used Kirk's unorthodox answer to the Kobayashi Maru test as an example of the need to redefine the premises upon which an organization operates—changing the rules rather than playing within them.[16][17] Computer security educators have used the Kobayashi Maru to teach students to think like an adversary, and that by stepping outside the rules of the game one can redefine the game.[18] Ideas and products focusing on immersive learning have also been compared to the realistic, immersive nature of the Kobayashi Maru test.[19][20][21]

See also

References
  1. Pascale, Anthony. "Review: 'Star Trek: Prodigy' Passes The Test In "Kobayashi"". TrekMovie.com. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  2. DeCandido, Keith R. A. (November 18, 2021). "Winning a No-Win Scenario — Star Trek: Discovery's "Kobayashi Maru"". Tor.com. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  3. David, Peter (2003). Star Trek: New Frontier: Stone and Anvil. Pocket Books.
  4. Goldberg, Lee (February 1983). "Jack Sowards: The Man Who Killed Mr. Spock". Starlog (67): 22–25 – via Internet Archive.
  5. Roth, Dylan (January 6, 2022). "How Star Trek: Prodigy pulled off the cameo-filled Kobayashi episode". Polygon. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  6. Franich, Darren (May 6, 2016). "'Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan' is a movie about acting". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  7. DeCandido, Keith R. A. (May 23, 2017). "Star Trek The Original Series Rewatch: Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan". Tor.com. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  8. Semon, Craig S. (May 8, 2009). "Back to the future; Can 'Star Trek' prequel re-energize franchise?". Telegram & Gazette. Worcester, MA. p. B8. Gale A199455885.
  9. James, Whitbrook (January 6, 2022). "Star Trek: Prodigy's Return Has Already Blown My Mind 3 Times". Gizmodo. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  10. "March 17th, 2007: A note on staying positive". Download.srv.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  11. Kurtz, Donald; Fustes, Manuel (May 2016). "The Politics of Global Warming: Sciemocracy and the Rescue of the Kobayashi Maru". Journal of Globalization Studies. 7 (1): 3–29..
  12. Mortopoulos, Constantine (January 1, 2011). "Kobayashi Maru: Arduous Effort and Scant Incorporation of the Yamashita Standard to the Hellenic Law". European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. 19 (3): 199–238. doi:10.1163/157181711X578440.
  13. Dunlap, Joanna; Lowenthal, Patrick (2010). "Defeating the Kobayashi Maru: Supporting Student Retention by Balancing the Needs of the Many and the One". EDUCAUSE Quarterly. 33 (4). Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
  14. Wong, Edward (April 27, 2016). "An American Superhero Film Steers Clear of Tibet, Just to Be Safe". The New York Times. p. A6.
  15. Wong, Edward (April 26, 2016). "'Doctor Strange' Writer Explains Casting of Tilda Swinton as Tibetan". The New York Times. He likened the cultural issue involving the Ancient One to the Kobayashi Maru, a famous battle simulation game in the "Star Trek" universe
  16. Olenick, Michael (February 8, 2008). "Redefining Markets: Captain Kirk & the Kobayashi Maru". Valueinnovation.net. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  17. Girone, Bill (September 2007). "Changing the rules: if agents are to be successful, they may have to redefine their goals". Best's Review. A.M. Best Company, Inc. 108 (5): 100. ISSN 1527-5914 – via EBSCO.
  18. Conti, Gregory; Caroland, James (July 2011). "Embracing the Kobayashi Maru: Why You Should Teach Your Students to Cheat". IEEE Security Privacy. 9 (4): 48–51. doi:10.1109/MSP.2011.80. S2CID 29371315.
  19. Erwin, Sandra I. (December 2006). "Simulation technology: Air Force sets sights on 'airman of the future' video games". National Defense. 91 (637): 38. Gale A155870226.
  20. Ward, Cassidy (January 18, 2022). "Virtual reality teaching tools: The science behind Star Trek's holodeck". SYFY Wire. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  21. Bruni-Bossio, Vincent; Willness, Chelsea (October 2016). "The 'Kobayashi Maru' Meeting: High-Fidelity Experiential Learning". Journal of Management Education. 40 (5): 619–647. doi:10.1177/1052562916644284. S2CID 148549111.

Further reading
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