Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio

The lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio or L-S ratio) is a test of fetal amniotic fluid to assess for fetal lung immaturity.[1][2][3] Lungs require surfactant, a soap-like substance, to lower the surface pressure of the alveoli in the lungs. This is especially important for premature babies trying to expand their lungs after birth. Surfactant is a mixture of lipids, proteins, and glycoproteins, lecithin and sphingomyelin being two of them. Lecithin makes the surfactant mixture more effective.

Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
Sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylcholine, a type of phospholipid in lecithin.

Evaluation

The lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio is a marker of fetal lung maturity. The outward flow of pulmonary secretions from the fetal lungs into the amniotic fluid maintains the level of lecithin and sphingomyelin equally until 32–33 weeks gestation, when the lecithin concentration begins to increase significantly while sphingomyelin remains nearly the same. As such, if a sample of amniotic fluid has a higher ratio, it indicates that there is more surfactant in the lungs and the baby will have less difficulty breathing at birth. An L–S ratio of 2.4 or more indicates fetal lung maturity and a relatively low risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome, and an L/S ratio of less than 1.5 is associated with a high risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome.

If preterm delivery is necessary (as evaluated by a biophysical profile or other tests) and the L–S ratio is low, the mother may need to receive steroids such as betamethasone to hasten the fetus' surfactant production in the lungs.

Procedure

An amniotic fluid sample is collected via amniocentesis and the sample is spun down in a centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 3–5 minutes. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is performed on the supernatant, which separates out the components. Lecithin and sphingomyelin are relatively easy to identify on TLC and the predictive value of the test is good.[4]

See also

References
  1. Gluck L, Kulovich MV, Borer RC, Brenner PH, Anderson GG, Spellacy WN (1971). "Diagnosis of the respiratory distress syndrome by amniocentesis". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 109 (3): 440–45. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(71)90342-5. PMID 5107880.
  2. Whitfield CR, Chan WH, Sproule WB, Stewart AD (April 1972). "Amniotic fluid lecithin: sphingomyelin ratio and fetal lung development". Br. Med. J. 2 (5805): 85–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5805.85. PMC 1787826. PMID 5018313.
  3. Wijnberger LD, de Kleine M, Voorbij HA, et al. (April 2009). "Prediction of fetal lung immaturity using gestational age, patient characteristics and fetal lung maturity tests: a probabilistic approach". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 281 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1007/s00404-009-1033-0. PMC 2780670. PMID 19381669.
  4. Spillman T, Cotton DB (1989). "Current perspectives in assessment of fetal pulmonary surfactant status with amniotic fluid". Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 27 (4): 341–89. doi:10.3109/10408368909105719. PMID 2675912.
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