Lahaina Banyan Court Park

Lahaina Banyan Court Park is located in the port of Lahaina town on the west side of the Hawaiian island of Maui.[8] The park square comprises 1.94 acres (0.79 ha) on the site of the old Lahaina Fort, directly across the street from the Lahaina small boat harbor. It is bounded by Hotel Street to the north, Canal Street to the south, Wharf Street to the west, and Front Street to the east.[9] Historic sites in the area include the former site of Lahaina's Beach—dredged during the construction of Lahaina's Harbor in 1955,[10] the Pioneer Inn and the Keawaiki lighthouse to the north,[11] and the campus of King Kamehameha III Elementary School—an archaeological site associated with the aliʻi—to the south.[12]

New England whaling ships hunting sperm whales in the Pacific began to arrive in Hawaiʻi in 1819, and many ships anchored in Honolulu and Lahaina. The impact of the whaling fleets on the Hawaiian Islands during the reign of Kamehameha III (1825–1854) shaped the entire Hawaiian economy and was the primary source of income for the islands until the discovery of oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859 and the onset of the American Civil War (1861–1865).[13]

Ships would generally seek repairs in Honolulu, but captains preferred anchoring off Lahaina because of its easy access from the Lahaina Roads and for the fresh provisions available in town.[14] According to Henry L. Sheldon, "the business of the entire population was the furnishing of supplies to whalers and entertaining the crews".[15] Sailors who had been hunting whales for months at a time went to Lahaina to drink grog and meet women. Historian Noelani M. Arista notes that by 1825;

a kapu prohibiting women from going out to ships for the purpose of prostitution was proclaimed by the ali'i (Hawaiian chiefs), altering that familiar traffic of the burgeoning Pacific seaport towns. Enraged that they could not cajole, coax, or coerce Hawaiian women into violating the kapu, the sailors turned their frustrations on the American missionaries, whom they blamed for the emergence of this new unreasonably strict moral law.[16]

Whalers opposed any rules governing alcohol and prostitution, and blamed missionaries for influencing the Kingdom of Hawaii to enforce such rules. Riots broke out at least four times—in 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1843. In the 1827 riots, the whaler John Palmer fired cannon shots over the home of missionary William Richards and threatened the safety of the community.[17]

Queen Kaʻahumanu (1768–1832) visited Maui in February 1832, just months before she died, to support the construction of a new fort to protect the town from whalers. With her help, Hoapili (1775–1840), Royal Governor of Maui, built the fort on the Lahaina waterfront and it was completed within a month.[2] The fort was constructed from coral blocks with walls approximately 15–20 ft (4.6–6.1 m) high topped with 47 cannons. An 1848 inventory lists 6 large cannons, 21 small cannons, 6 breech-loaders, and 8 which did not work.[18] The fort stored quantities of gunpowder, guns, rifles, and swords, and was used as a prison.[19] Sailors who docked at Lahaina were subject to a sunset curfew; it they did not return to their ship when the drums sounded they would be imprisoned in the fort.[20]

In 1841, American naval officer Charles Wilkes (1798–1877) visited Lahaina Fort as commanding officer of the United States Exploring Expedition. Wilkes observed, "After the king's palace, the fort is the most conspicuous object: it is of little account, however, as a defence, serving chiefly to confine unruly subjects and sailors in. The area within is about one acre, and the walls are twenty feet high."[21]

As the whaling industry declined and the California Gold Rush gained prominence in the late 1840s, Hawaii's population dropped, and infectious disease epidemics contributed to the loss of local populations. The fort was restored in 1847[22] but was now used more as a prison than for defending the Kingdom. The cannons were rusting and the fort was mostly empty of personnel except for a few soldiers and the Governor of Maui who lived there. When Henry Augustus Wise visited in 1848, he met James Young (1797–1851), then Governor of Maui, who was living in the fort. Wise wrote that it was:

an oddly assorted battery of some thirty pieces of artillery, of all sorts of carriages and calibre—long, short, and mediums; they command the usual anchorage, and no doubt do very well to prevent any acts of violence from merchant ships; but it is a question, if, at the second discharge of shot, they do not tumble to pieces.[23]

In the 1850s, whaling began its steep decline.[24] The forts in the Hawaiian Islands were in poor condition due to damage and neglect, and were either abandoned or removed.[25] Lahaina Fort was demolished in 1854. Its coral blocks were reused to build Hale Paʻahao, a new prison at Wainee Street and Prison Road.[8] In 1964, the State Parks Department placed a reconstruction of the old fort wall in the southwest corner of the park.[26]

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  Exterior of Lahaina Fort (center) and Hale Piula (right) as viewed from ships anchored in Lahaina Roads in the 1840s[27]
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  Interior of the Honolulu Fort in 1853. The layout of Lahaina Fort was similar but smaller.[28]
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  1964 reconstruction of the old fort[26]

On February 20, 1858, Lahaina experienced a violent hurricane[29] that destroyed approximately twenty buildings, including the original courthouse at Hale Piula, initially intended as a palace for Kamehameha III. The courthouse was rebuilt on the site of Lahaina Fort in 1859 using stones from Hale Piula. The new courthouse housed offices for customs, the postal service, the tax collector, the governor of Maui, a magistrates' court, a courtroom, and a jury room.[30] When the Kingdom was overthrown, the flag of Hawaii at the Lahaina Courthouse was lowered by the assistant postmaster on August 12, 1898, and the flag of the United States was raised in its place. The Hawaiian flag was placed on display in a permanent exhibit at the courthouse in September 2002. The post office at the courthouse replaced the Hawaiian stamp with the US stamp on June 14, 1900.[31]

The courthouse was restored by architect William D'Esmond in 1925. D'Esmond added a new roof and redesigned the entryway and balcony. The building's tenants included the US Post Office and a tax office. The courtroom was upstairs and the Lahaina jail was housed in the basement. The building was listed as a National Historic Landmark and a contributing property of the Lahaina Historic District in 1965, and was restored again in 1990.[32] In the 1970s, it became known as the Old Courthouse when the court functions were moved to a new civic center.[33] The Old Courthouse then became home to the Lahaina Heritage Museum and its collection, art galleries, a visitor center, a community meeting room, and public restrooms.[31] The Lahaina Heritage Museum reopened upstairs in 2004 with interactive exhibits including videos, photographs, and historical objects.[34] The Lahaina Arts Council and the Lahaina Historic Society also had offices in the courthouse.

The courthouse was destroyed by the Hawaii wildfires in August 2023. Only its charred outer walls made of coral were left standing.[35]

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  Old Lahaina Courthouse prior to being gutted by fire in 2023
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  The last Flag of Hawaii to fly over the courthouse was on permanent display prior to its destruction in 2023
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  The courthouse after the fire

To memorialize the 50th anniversary of the first American Protestant mission in Lahaina, a banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis, Hawaiian: paniana[36]) seedling was planted on April 24, 1873, in the courthouse square by sheriff William Owen Smith, who had received it as a gift from missionaries in India.[37] The banyan, native to India, is one of 60 types of fig tree in the Hawaiian islands.[38] The seedling was approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) high when it was planted; by 2005 it had grown to a height of 49.2 feet (15.0 m), had 16 trunks,[39] and covered a circumference of 0.25 miles (0.40 km) within 0.66 acres (0.27 ha) of the park. It is currently the largest banyan tree in Hawaii,[40][41] and one of the largest banyan trees in the United States.[42] The tree faces several threats, including soil compaction from foot and vehicle traffic due to tourism and special events in the park, drought, and the interruption of irrigation due to courthouse renovation. New restrictions were imposed in 2000 after the health of the tree began to decline.[43] Common myna birds (Acridotheres tristis) roost in the branches of the tree at sunset, causing a cacophony of bird cries as the evening approaches.[37]

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  Central trunk of the banyan tree beneath the canopy
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  Tree bark damage left by visitors

9 August 2023 view of Lahaina Banyan Court Park, still smouldering from the 8–9 August strike by the 2023 Hawaii wildfires

The park is administered by the Maui Parks and Recreation department and maintained by the nonprofit Lahaina Restoration Foundation. Limited public parking is available on Front, Hotel, and Canal Streets, with very limited parking on Wharf Street as it is generally reserved for tour buses. All Banyan Tree Park events are hosted by The Lahaina Town Action Committee, which is in charge of the Visitor Center, 2nd Friday, Heui Craft Fairs and all festivals throughout the year including Halloween. Halloween events in the park area, known as the "Mardi Gras of the Pacific", have long been a divisive issue between Maui County and the Cultural Resources Commission.[44]

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