Lake Abbe
Lake Abbe, also known as Lake Abhe Bad, is a salt lake, lying on the Ethiopia-Djibouti border. It is one of a chain of six connected lakes, which also includes (from north to south) lakes Gargori, Laitali, Gummare, Bario and Afambo. The lake is the ultimate destination of the Awash River, which is at the center of the Afar Triangle.[1] Lake Abbe is considered one of the most inaccessible areas of the earth. The water itself is known for its flamingos.
| Lake Abbe | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Lake Abbe | |
| Location | Ethiopia–Djibouti border |
| Coordinates | 11°10′N 41°47′E |
| Type | Salt lake |
| Primary inflows | Awash River |
| Primary outflows | None |
| Basin countries | Djibouti, Ethiopia |
| Max. length | 17 km (11 mi) |
| Max. width | 19 km (12 mi) |
| Surface area | 320 km2 (120 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 8.6 metres (28 ft) |
| Max. depth | 37 metres (121 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 243 metres (797 ft) |
Overview
Lake Abbe is the ultimate destination of the waters of the Awash River. It lies at the Afar Triple Junction, the central meeting place for the three pieces of the Earth's crust, a defining feature of the Afar Depression. Here three pieces of Earth's crust are each pulling away from that central point, though not all at the same speed.[2]
On the northwest shore rises Mount Dama Ali (1069 m), a dormant volcano, while along the southwestern and southern shores extend vast salt flats, 10 km in width. Besides the Awash, seasonal affluents of Lake Abbe include two wadis, the Oleldere and Abuna Merekes, which enter the lake from the west and south, crossing the salt flats. Although the present area of the lake's open water is 34,000 hectares (130 sq mi), recent droughts and extraction of water from the Awash River for irrigation has caused the water level of the lake to fall. By 1984, the surface area of the lake had decreased to two thirds of what it was in 1940. During this period about 11,500 hectares (28,000 acres) of saltflats had formed to the southwest of the lake.[3] Lake Abbe is a hypersaline lake; water containing mineral salts flows in but there is no outflow, and pure water evaporates from the surface.[4] It is also known as an "amplifier lake", the water level fluctuating dramatically in response to quite small changes in climate.[5]
The Afar people have established a settlement near the lake's shore. Lake Abbe is known for its limestone chimneys, which reach heights of 50 m (160 ft) and from which steam spews forth.[6] These carbonate chimneys are formed by the mixing of lake water and a deeper geothermal fluid.[7][8] Flamingos can also be found on the waters.[9]
Climate
The Lake Abbe's climate offers year-round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 172 millimetres (7 in) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 30 and 40 °C (86 and 104 °F). Temperatures in the coldest months range between 21 and 30 °C (70 and 86 °F) on average.
| Climate data for Lake Abbe, Djibouti | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.4 (86.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.9 (91.2) |
35.0 (95.0) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.4 (104.7) |
39.9 (103.8) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.5 (99.5) |
35.0 (95.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
35.1 (95.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5 (0.2) |
9 (0.4) |
14 (0.6) |
19 (0.7) |
7 (0.3) |
3 (0.1) |
32 (1.3) |
45 (1.8) |
20 (0.8) |
9 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
172 (6.9) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 251m[10] | |||||||||||||
References
- Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, A directory of African wetlands, (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 166
- Beyene, Alebachew & Abdelsalam, Mohamed G. (2005). "Tectonics of the Afar Depression: A review and synthesis". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 41 (1–2): 41–59. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.03.003.
- Hughes, R.H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. pp. 443–447. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5.
- Hammer, U. T. (1986). Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World. Springer. p. 15. ISBN 90-6193-535-0.
- Michael Schagerl (2016). Soda Lakes of East Africa. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-3-319-28622-8.
- Michael Schagerl (2016). Soda Lakes of East Africa. Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-319-28622-8.
- Dekov, V.M.; Egueh, N.M.; Kamenov, G.D.; Bayon, G.; Lalonde, S.V.; Schmidt, M.; Liebetrau, V.; Munnik, F.; Fouquet, Y.; Tanimizu, M.; Awaleh, M.O.; Guirreh, I.; Le Gall, B. (2014-11-10). "Hydrothermal carbonate chimneys from a continental rift (Afar Rift): Mineralogy, geochemistry, and mode of formation" (PDF). Chemical Geology. 387: 87–100. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.08.019. ISSN 0009-2541.
- Awaleh, Mohamed Osman; Hoch, Farhan Bouraleh; Boschetti, Tiziano; Soubaneh, Youssouf Djibril; Egueh, Nima Moussa; Elmi, Sikie Abdillahi; Mohamed, Jalludin; Khaireh, Mohamed Abdi (2015). "The geothermal resources of the Republic of Djibouti — II: Geochemical study of the Lake Abhe geothermal field". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 159: 129–147. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.08.011.
- Nyla Jo Jones Hubbard (2011). Doctors Without Borders in Ethiopia: Among the Afar. Algora Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-87586-853-0.
- "Climate: Lake Abbe - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
External links
- (in French) Photos of Lake Abbe
- ILEC database entry for Lake Abbe
- Recent trip to Lake Abbe with photos (English)
- Photographs of the limestone chimneys of Lake Abbe, February 2015