Lake Eleanor
Lake Eleanor is a reservoir located in the northwestern backcountry of Yosemite National Park at an altitude of 4,657 feet (1,419 m). The reservoir has a capacity of 26,100 acre-feet (32,200,000 m3) and a surface area of 953 acres (3.9 km2).
| Lake Eleanor | |
|---|---|
 Lake Eleanor's eastern shore in 2016, as viewed from a small peninsula | |
  Lake Eleanor  Lake Eleanor | |
| Location | Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, California, United States |
| Coordinates | 37°58′41″N 119°52′45″W [1] |
| Type | reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Eleanor Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Surface area | 953 acres (3.9 km2) |
| Water volume | 26,100 acre-feet (0 km3) |
| Surface elevation | 4,657 feet (1,419 m) |
Geography
The reservoir is situated in a glacier carved valley at an elevation of 4,600–4,700 feet (1,400–1,400 m). Prior to flooding, a smaller lake of approximately 1.5 by 0.5 miles (2.41 km × 0.80 km) and 200 feet (61 m) deep existed in the valley. The lake was fed by three streams, Kibbie Creek, Eleanor Creek, and Frog Creek. Before being clearcut, the valley floor was moderately to densely forested with a yellow pine forest consisting primarily of Jeffrey and ponderosa pines, with scatterings of incense cedar, white fir, and black oak. Manzanita and other shrub species made up the understory, and willow and other wetland species existed in the marshy areas around the lake and streams.[2]
History
An archeological survey done of the valley in 1985 while the reservoir was drained for maintenance provided evidence of prehistoric occupation of the valley. Due to the limited time of the study and the nature of working in the sediment of a reservoir, the extent of occupation was unable to be assessed.[2]
Settlement of Lake Eleanor valley by Europeans began in the mid-1800s. In the late 1800s, two homestead patents were taken out in the valley, one by Hermann Wolfe on the south shore and another by Horace J. Kibbe on the north shore,[2] which he occupied until 1913.[3]
Dam construction
The current lake was formed in 1918 by damming Eleanor Creek as part of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir system,[2] constructed to supply water and power to the city of San Francisco. The original smaller, natural lake was also named "Eleanor"[2] after the daughter of Josiah Whitney, leader of the California Geological Survey in the 1860s.
Lake Eleanor Dam (National ID # CA00121) stands as a concrete multiple arch dam with a height of 68 feet (21 m) and a length of 1,260 feet (380 m). This first stage of the Hetch Hetchy project was built for year-round hydroelectric power generation, which was then sold to help finance construction of the larger O'Shaughnessy Dam, completed in 1923.[2]
That dams were planned for a valley in Yosemite National Park caused significant opposition. One of the most potent opponents was the Sierra Club and its founding President, John Muir. After two vetoes by Teddy Roosevelt, on December 19, 1913, Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Act permitting construction. It began in 1914.
The remote location dictated the use of an unusual multiple-arch structure here. It dramatically minimized the amount of concrete used in comparison with a gravity dam. Even more unusual, the concrete arches were elliptical rather than circular, the only multiple-arch dam ever built this way.[4] Chief designer for the San Francisco Board of Public Works Michael O'Shaughnessy, along with hydraulic structural engineer R.P. McIntosh, were primarily responsible for the design.[5]
Still owned and operated by the city of San Francisco, the lake now provides opportunities for angling, hiking, and camping.
Climate
| Climate data for Eleanor Lake, California | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 75 (24) |
73 (23) |
79 (26) |
83 (28) |
87 (31) |
99 (37) |
101 (38) |
103 (39) |
98 (37) |
92 (33) |
80 (27) |
77 (25) |
103 (39) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 47.1 (8.4) |
49.1 (9.5) |
53.5 (11.9) |
59.5 (15.3) |
66.2 (19.0) |
75.0 (23.9) |
85.3 (29.6) |
85.4 (29.7) |
79.4 (26.3) |
68.0 (20.0) |
57.9 (14.4) |
49.7 (9.8) |
64.7 (18.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 36.3 (2.4) |
38.1 (3.4) |
41.7 (5.4) |
47.7 (8.7) |
54.1 (12.3) |
61.7 (16.5) |
71.0 (21.7) |
70.3 (21.3) |
64.3 (17.9) |
54.0 (12.2) |
45.2 (7.3) |
38.9 (3.8) |
51.9 (11.1) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 25.4 (−3.7) |
27.3 (−2.6) |
30.0 (−1.1) |
36.0 (2.2) |
41.9 (5.5) |
48.4 (9.1) |
56.7 (13.7) |
55.1 (12.8) |
49.1 (9.5) |
40.1 (4.5) |
32.4 (0.2) |
28.1 (−2.2) |
39.2 (4.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −7 (−22) |
−12 (−24) |
1 (−17) |
13 (−11) |
22 (−6) |
24 (−4) |
35 (2) |
34 (1) |
29 (−2) |
20 (−7) |
10 (−12) |
−2 (−19) |
−12 (−24) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 7.71 (196) |
7.16 (182) |
5.93 (151) |
3.50 (89) |
1.91 (49) |
0.71 (18) |
0.09 (2.3) |
0.09 (2.3) |
0.51 (13) |
2.27 (58) |
4.17 (106) |
7.45 (189) |
41.5 (1,055.6) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 30.3 (77) |
26.2 (67) |
32.2 (82) |
10.2 (26) |
1.6 (4.1) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.5 (3.8) |
6.7 (17) |
24.1 (61) |
133 (338.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 72 |
| Source: Western Regional Climate Center[6][7] | |||||||||||||
See also
References
- Carpenter, Scott L.; Kirn, Laura A. (1988). "Underwater but Not All Wet: The 1985 Lake Eleanor Archaeological Survey" (PDF). Articles of the SCA Proceedings. 1: 189–215. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- National Park Service. "Reports on file 1906-1915". Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yosemite National Park to the Secretary of the Interior. Yosemite Research Library, Yosemite National Park.
- Building the Ultimate Dam: John S. Eastwood And the Control of Water in the West, by Donald Conrad Jackson, page 297
- Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume 48, Part 1, by American Society of Civil Engineers, February, 1922
- "Lake Eleanor, California - Climate Summary - Temperature". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- "Lake Eleanor, California - Climate Summary - Precipitation". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
- California Place Names, Erwin Gudde (University of California Press, 2004) ISBN 0-520-24217-3