Fucine Lake

Fucine Lake
Fucine Lake
	The Fucine Lake as seen from satellite imagery (post-drainage).
	Fucine Lake
Location	Western Abruzzo, central Italy
Coordinates	41°59′42″N 13°32′50″E
Type	endorheic
Primary outflows	Canal
Basin countries	Italy
Max. length	17.28 km (10.74 mi)
Max. width	10.85 km (6.74 mi)
Surface area	max 140 km2 (54 sq mi)
Surface elevation	661 m (2,169 ft)

The Fucine Lake (Italian: Lago Fucino or Lago di Celano) was a large endorheic lake in western Abruzzo, central Italy, stretching from Avezzano in the northwest to Ortucchio in the southeast, and touching Trasacco in the southwest. Once the third largest lake in Italy, it was drained in 1878.[1]

Lore

Virgil mentioned the lake in the Aeneid in book 7, in that it weeps for Umbro, the healer priest killed tragically in battle. (See line 7:882 in the Fagles translation).

History

The Romans knew the lake as Fucinus Lacus and founded settlements on its banks, including Marruvium. It was the site of the Battle of Fucine Lake in 89 BC; however, while the lake provided fertile soil and a large quantity of fish, it was also believed to harbour malaria, and, having no natural outflow, repeatedly flooded the surrounding arable land.

Roman drainage

Old map showing Lake Fucino before modern draining

The Emperor Claudius attempted to control the lake's maximum level by digging a 5.6 km (3.5 mi) drainage tunnel through Monte Salviano, requiring 30,000 workers and eleven years, but with uncertain success.[2] Of the collapse of one of the tunnels Cassius Dio observed

"When the Fucine Lake caved in, the prominent freedman Tiberius Claudius Narcissus was severely blamed for it. For he had been in charge of the undertaking, and it was thought that after spending a good deal less than he had received he had then purposely contrived the collapse, in order that his wrong-doing might not be detected."[3]

The original lake had a fluctuating area of about 140 km² (54 sq mi) which the Claudian initiative may have reduced to about 90 km² (35 sq mi). A 4.5 km (2.8 mi) collecting canal was extended and deepened by Hadrian which reduced the area of the lake to about 57 km² (22 sq mi). The larger 19th century tunnel, along the same route as the Roman tunnel, destroyed most of the archaeology of the Roman tunnel, which is why the success of the earlier Claudian scheme is so uncertain. The deeper Hadrianic canal destroyed the archaeology of the Claudian canal. The final Roman canal has left clear archaeology, showing that 1 km (0.62 mi) from the lake, the tunnel was 7.5 m (25 ft) deep, 19.5 m (64 ft) wide at the top, and 4.5 m (15 ft) wide at the base. It sloped to the tunnel at 0.05% (a gradient of one in two thousand).

Drain blockage

As the Empire fell, maintenance of the Roman drainage scheme stopped. Sediment and vegetation blocked the collecting canal. An earthquake on a fault crossing the collecting canal dropped the land on the lake side 30–35 cm (12–14 in) relative to the tunnel entrance. Investigations where the fault crosses the canal reveal that large amounts of sediment had accumulated in the canal before the earthquake. On the assumption that this earthquake would damage Rome it seems very likely that the earthquake occurred shortly before 508 AD when the earthquake damage to the Colosseum was repaired. The lake appears to have returned to its uncontrolled pre-Claudian area by the end of the 5th century and certainly by the end of the 6th century.

Some suggestion, or attempt, to restore the Roman drainage scheme appears in both the 13th and 15th centuries but neither succeeded.

Modern drainage

In the 19th century, the Swiss engineer Jean François Mayor de Montricher was commissioned by the prince Alessandro Torlonia to drain the lake. A 6.3 km-long (3.9 mi) and 21 m-wide (69 ft) canal was begun in 1862 and after more than 13 years, the lake was completely drained. The resulting plain is one of Italy's most fertile regions. Antiquities from the Roman occupation of the land, after the first drainage scheme, became part of the Torlonia collection.

Drainage plan printed in 1875

References

"Il prosciugamento del Fucino" (in Italian). Comune di Avezzano.
Suetonius The Twelve Caesars, Claudius 20
Cassius Dio, Book LXI.33.5

External links

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fucino, Lago di" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–274.
Google Earth view

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[1] "Il prosciugamento del Fucino" (in Italian). Comune di Avezzano.

[2] Suetonius The Twelve Caesars, Claudius 20

[3] Cassius Dio, Book LXI.33.5

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