Lamellarin D

Lamellarins are a group of pyrrole alkaloids first isolated in 1985 from the marine mollusk Lamellaria in the waters of Palau. Over 70 lamellarins and similar compounds were subsequently isolated. Other similar compounds include ningalins, lukianols, polycitones, and storniamides.[1]

Lamellarin D
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3,11-Dihydroxy-14-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,12-dimethoxy-6H-[1]benzopyrano[4′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6-one
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C28H21NO8/c1-34-21-9-14(4-5-17(21)30)24-25-16-11-23(36-3)19(32)12-20(16)37-28(33)27(25)29-7-6-13-8-18(31)22(35-2)10-15(13)26(24)29/h4-12,30-32H,1-3H3 checkY
    Key: ATHLLZUXVPNPAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1S/C28H21NO8/c1-34-21-9-14(4-5-17(21)30)24-25-16-11-23(36-3)19(32)12-20(16)37-28(33)27(25)29-7-6-13-8-18(31)22(35-2)10-15(13)26(24)29/h4-12,30-32H,1-3H3
    Key: ATHLLZUXVPNPAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=C3C4=CC(=C(C=C4C=CN3C5=C2C6=CC(=C(C=C6OC5=O)O)OC)O)OC)O
Properties
C28H21NO8
Molar mass 499.475 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Biological activity

These compounds have shown a wide variety of biological activity, including reversal of multidrug resistance, HIV-1 integrase inhibition, and antibiotic activity. Lamellarin D, for example, displays strong cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines, and is a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor.[2]

Structure

The lamellarins all contain a central pyrrole ring, substituted at the 3 and 4 positions by polyhydroxy- or methoxyphenyls. They are divided into two groups, depending on whether the pyrrole ring is fused or unfused.[3]

Synthesis

The lamellarins have been synthesized by a number of groups, including Isibashi, Steglich, Ruchirawat, Banwell, Alvarez, Gupton, Boger, and Handy.[4]

Steglich synthesis of lamellarin G trimethyl ether

The Steglich synthesis features an oxidative coupling of two benzylic carbons, as well as a Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis.[5][6]

Banwell synthesis of lamellarin K

The Banwell group’s synthesis of lamellarin K includes an intramolecular azomethine ylide cyclization.[7]

1997 - Lamellarin K synthesis by Banwell: (i) nBuLi, THF, -78 °C, 0.83 h; ZnCl2, -78 °C -> 18 °C, 1 h; aryliodide, Pd(PPh3), 18 °C, 4 h (ii) ClCH2CH2Cl, 18 °C, 7 h; Hunig’s base, 83 °C, 32 h (iii) AlCl3, CH2Cl2, 18 °C, 2 h
1997 Lamellarin G Trimethyl Ether Synthesis by Steglich: (i) 1. -70 °C, 2 eq. nBuLi; 2. 0.5 eq. I2, -70 °C -> RT (ii) Mol sieves, 12h, RT (iii) EtOAc, 1 eq. Pb(OAc)4, reflux (iv) CH3CN, PPh3, NEt3, Pd(OAc)2

See also

References
  1. Bailly, Christian; Newman, David J. (2015). Written at Pierre Fabre Research Institute. "Download Limit Exceeded" (PDF). Marine Drugs. 2015-02-19. 13 (3): 1105–1123. doi:10.3390/md13031105. ISSN 1660-3397. PMC 4377975. PMID 25706633.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. Reddy, Venkata M.; Rao, Rama M.; Rhodes, Denise; Hansen, Mark S.; Rubins, Kathleen; Bushman, Frederic D.; Venkateswarlu, Yenamandra; Faulkner, John D. (November 24, 1999). "Lamellarin r 20-Sulfate, an Inhibitor of HIV-1 Integrase Active against HIV Virus in Cell Culture" (PDF). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Indian Institute of Chemical Technology. 42 (11): 1901–1907. doi:10.1021/jm9806650. eISSN 1520-4804. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 10354398. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  3. Bailly, Christian (2004-07-04). "Lamellarins, from A to Z: a family of anticancer marine pyrrole alkaloids". Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-Cancer Agents. 4 (4): 363–378. doi:10.2174/1568011043352939. ISSN 1568-0118. PMID 15281908. Archived from the original on 2022-08-11.
  4. Ruchirawat, Somsak; Mutarapat, Thumnoon; Sahakitpichan, Poolsak; Bhavakul, Vanida; Mahidol, Chulabhorn (1997-11-13). "The Syntheses of Lamellarins and Isoindolobenzazepine Alkaloids" (PDF). International Conference on Biodiversity and Bioresources. Phuket, Thailand. 70 (11): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-08-11 – via IUPAC.
  5. "Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis", Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. conrr475, 2010-09-15, doi:10.1002/9780470638859.conrr475, ISBN 978-0-470-63885-9, retrieved 2022-08-11
  6. "Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis", Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. conrr295, 2010-09-15, doi:10.1002/9780470638859.conrr295, ISBN 978-0-470-63885-9, retrieved 2022-08-11
  7. Padwa, Albert (2017-11-29). "Use of nitrogen and oxygen dipole ylides for alkaloid synthesis" (PDF). The Free Internet Journal for Organic Chemistry (published 2018-02-06). 5 (1): 23–49. doi:10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.416. Retrieved 2022-08-11 – via ARKAT USA.
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