Louchébem
Louchébem or loucherbem (French pronunciation: [luʃebɛm]) is Parisian and Lyonnaise butchers' (French boucher) slang, similar to Pig Latin and Verlan. It originated in the mid-19th century and was in common use until the 1950s.
Process
The louchébem word-creation process resembles that of largonji, verlan, and javanais, in that existing words are camouflaged according to a set of rules. Strictly speaking, louchébem is a more rigid variety of largonji in which the ending -èm is obligatory. Largonji substitutes ⟨l⟩ for the consonant or consonant cluster at the beginning of the word, or, if the word begins with an ⟨l⟩ or a vowel, the second syllable; the initial consonant is then reattached to the end of the word along with a suffix particular to the argot: -ji [ʒi], -oc [ɔk], -ic [ik], -uche [yʃ], -ès [ɛs], or in the case of louchébem, -em/ème [ɛm].
Note that louchébem is first and foremost an oral language, and spelling is usually phoneticized.
History
Despite the name, louchébem seems to have been created not by butchers, but by inmates at Brest Prison, with records dating back to 1821.[1]
Edmund Clerihew Bentley used the language as a plot point in his 1937 short story "The Old-Fashioned Apache".
During the Nazi occupation louchébem was used by Parisian members of the Resistance.
Even today, louchébem is still well-known and used among those working at point-of-sale in the meat retail industry. Some words have even leaked into common, everyday use by the masses; an example is the word loufoque, meaning "eccentric".
Examples
Here are a few example Louchébem words.
| English | French | Louchébem |
|---|---|---|
| slang | l'argot | largomuche |
| butcher | boucher | louchébem |
| customer | client | lienclès |
| coffeehouse | café | lafécaisse |
| (don't) understand | comprendre (pas) | lomprenquès (dans le lap) |
| woman (lady) | femme (dame) | lemmefé (lamdé) |
| blunder | gaffe | lafgué |
| boy/waiter | garçon | larçonguesse |
| Roma (ethnicity) | gitan | litjoc |
| leg (of mutton, etc.) | gigot | ligogem |
| insane | fou | louf; loufoque; louftingue |
| pork | porc | lorpic |
| mackerel | maquereau | lacromuche |
| Sir; Mister; gentleman | monsieur | lesieurmique |
| piece | morceau | lorsomique |
| overcoat | pardessus | lardeuss (lardeussupem) |
| excuse me?; sorry | pardon | lardonpem |
| to talk | parler | larlépem |
| manager | patron | latronpuche |
| tip | pourboire | lourboirpem |
| bag | sac | lacsé |
| expensive | cher | lerche; lerchem (often in the negative, as pas lerchem) |
| sneakily | en douce | en loucedé; en loucedoc |
| wallet | portefeuille | larfeuille; lortefeuillepem |
| thief, crook | filou | loufiah |
| knife | couteau | louteaucé |
There is another French argot called largonji, which differs from louchébem only in the suffix that is added (-i instead of -em); the term is derived from jargon.[2]
Notes
- Françoise Robert L'argenton. "Larlépem largomuche du louchébem. Parler l'argot du boucher". Retrieved 6 Jan 2016.
- Valdman, Albert (May 2000). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire". The French Review. American Association of Teachers of French. 73 (6): 1179–1192. JSTOR 399371.
Bibliography
- Marcel Schwob, Étude sur l’argot français. Paris: Émile Bouillon, 1889.
External links
- "Le loucherbem" (in French). June 1997. Archived from the original on 2000-06-10.